Zolinga za Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ndi zolinga zisanu ndi zitatu zokhazikitsidwa ndi bungwe la United Nations (UN) m'chaka cha 2000, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti moyo ukhale wabwino, thanzi, maphunziro, chitukuko cha zachuma, ndi chilengedwe pofika chaka cha 2015. Zina mwazinthu zomwe kuyitana "kuimitsa ndi kusinthira" kufala kwa HIV, chifuwa chachikulu, ndi malungo makamaka makamaka m'madera omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chofala kwambiri monga Africa ya kum'mwera kwa Sahara.
Pofuna kukwaniritsa zolingazi, mabungwe angapo, kuphatikizapo Joint United Nations Program on HIV / AIDS (UNAIDS), aika zolinga zowonetsera kuti athe kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a Edzi, koma zambiri zotsutsana ndi anthu omwe akupitirizabe kusokoneza ntchito za umoyo waumphawi (kuphatikizapo chiopsezo cha HIV , nkhanza za amuna, ndi kupha anthu kachilombo ka HIV ).
Kuyambira pachiyambi cha MDGs, pakhala zotsutsana komanso zodetsa nkhaŵa zokhudzana ndi momwe polojekiti yotsogoleredwa ndi UN ikukhalira, potsata kusagwirizana kwa ndalama zokhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse komanso kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha matenda atsopano. Chiwerengero chofunikira kwambiri, kuphatikizapo South Africa ndi Uganda.
Cholinga Chachiwiri: kuchepetsa Kugonana kwa HIV ndi 50%
Kuchokera mu 2001 mpaka 2011, chiwerengero cha matenda atsopano a HIV chinachepera pafupifupi 21% padziko lapansi. Ngakhale kuti nkhani zofalitsa nkhani za UNAIDS zakhala zikuperekedwa mu September 2013, powatchula kuti 33% mwazirombo zatsopano, chiwerengero chimenecho chinaphatikizapo akuluakulu ndi ana.
Kuchokera pakuona za kugonana kokha-makamaka pakati pa anthu a zaka zapakati pa 15-24-kuchepa ndi theka la zomwe bungwe la UNAIDS linkaganiza, ndipo zambiri zokhudzana ndi chiwerengerochi zimasonyeza kuti 25% akupita m'madera akumwera kwa Sahara ndi madera ena ambiri.
Zambiri zokhudzana ndi matenda opatsirana atsopanowa amalembedwa ku Eastern Europe ndi Central Asia, zomwe zawonjezeka kawiri kuchokera mu 2001 (zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo).
Mofananamo, kulephera kuteteza kachilombo ka HIV pakati pa amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna (MSM) mwachidziwikire kumapangitsa kuti apite m'mayiko ambiri otukuka ndi osaphunzira.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, phindu lachilendo likupezeka ku Caribbean, kumene chiwopsezo chatsopano chafikira ndi 43% panthawi yomweyi.
Cholinga Chachiwiri: Ikani anthu okwana 15 miliyoni omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV pa mankhwala opatsirana pogonana
Kuyambira mu Januwale 2014, anthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni m'mayiko osauka adayikidwa pa mankhwala opatsirana pogonana (ART) . Malangizo owonjezera opatsirana omwe amalembedwa ndi World Health Organization (WHO) mu 2013-momwe mankhwala angayambitsire tsopano pa CD4 chiwerengero cha maselo 500 / ml kapena zochepa-zidzangowonjezera kuthekera kwa mwayi wa ART.
Ngakhale izi zikuyendera bwino, cholinga cha MDG chinasowa mu 2010, ndipo anthu 55 peresenti ya anthu 14,4 miliyoni omwe akusowa ART ali kulandira. Zowonjezera, 28 peresenti yokha ya ana oyenerera ali ndi mwayi wopeza ART, osachepera theka la amayi pa ART (63%).
Kuyambira mu June 2013, chithandizo chachikulu cha ART chaperekedwa ku Latin America ndi Caribbean (68%), ndi Eastern Europe ndi Central Asia zikuwonetsa zofooka kwambiri (19%).
Malinga ndi zochitika zamakono, ndizotheka kukwaniritsa zolinga za 15 miliyoni pa ART kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2015, makamaka pamene kugula kwa magetsi kwachepetsa mtengo wa mankhwala ena osokoneza bongo kwa $ 8 pamwezi.
Komabe, pokhapokha ngati kachilombo ka HIV katsopano kangachepetsedwe ka 50% pofika 2020, ambiri akuyembekeza, mavuto azachuma opereka ART kuti anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV adzakula kwambiri.
Cholinga Chachitatu: Kuthetsa Kuwombola kwa Amayi kwa Mwana ndi Kuchepetsa Imfa ya Amayi Mwa amayi ndi 50%
Mu June 2013, bungwe la UNAIDS linati maiko asanu ndi awiri a ku Africa athandizidwa kuchepetsa kachilombo ka HIV pakati pa ana kuyambira chaka cha 2009. Zambiri mwazochitika ndizo chifukwa cha ma antiretroviral mapangidwe pofuna kupewa kuteteza amayi kupita kwa mwana (MTCT), ndi 75% Kuwunikira pazinthu zambiri zofunika kwambiri. Ku South Africa kokha, MTCT yafika pa 5% modabwitsa, pansi pa 37% mu 2000.
Mofananamo, njira za MTCT ku Botswana ndi Namibia tsopano zoposa 90 peresenti, pafupi ndi zomwe zimaonedwa kuti zimachitika padziko lonse lapansi.
Ponena za kufa kwa ana, MDGs idapangitsa kuchepetsa kufa kwa amayi okhudzana ndi kachirombo ka HIV kwa anthu 38 akufa pa 100,000 obadwa. Deta zambiri zimasonyeza kuti zolingazi zikutheka, ndi mayiko monga South Africa akuwerengera anthu ochepa omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV pa 60,000 patsiku la 2014.
Komabe, pamakhalabe nkhawa zokhudza chiwerengero cha ana omwe akulandira ART. Pamene chiwerengero chawonjezeka ndi 15% kuchokera mu 2009 mpaka 2011, chiŵerengerocho chidalephereka pambuyo pa amuna ndi akazi akulu (21%).
Cholinga Chachinayi: Musachepetse Chiwerengero cha Chifuwa cha Anthu Amene Ali ndi HIV
MDGs idapempha kuchepetsa kufala kwa chifuwa chachikulu cha TB (TB) pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV mpaka osakwana 250,000 pofika chaka cha 2015. Ngakhale kuti TB ndi yomwe imayambitsa imfa chifukwa cha anthu omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri, Choyambirira chimanena kuti 17 peresenti ya 44 ikupereka zoposa 50% kuchepetsa imfa kuyambira 2013.
Kwenikweni, pakhala kuchepa kwa 38% kwa anthu odwala TB, omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chowonjezereka cha TB, machitidwe akuluakulu okhudza matenda, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opatsirana pogonana kuti athetse anthu omwe ali pachiopsezo.
Kuwonjezeka kwa chidziwitso cha ART kunathandizanso kuchepetsa chiwerengero, makamaka ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa "mankhwala owonetseredwa mwachindunji" (DOT) m'mayiko ambiri omwe akukula kwambiri. Njirayi, yomwe mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito TB amaperekedwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi oyang'anira ophunzitsidwa bwino, athandiza kuti 85% athe kuchiritsidwa m'madera ena ovuta kwambiri.
Ngakhale zili choncho, pali mavuto ambiri omwe amalepheretsa patsogolo. Masiku ano, opitirira theka la malo opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito TB samapereka DOT, ngakhale nthawi zambiri matenda opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amapezedwa kapena kuthandizidwa malinga ndi malangizo a WHO. Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti, m'mayiko omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV / TB, kokha Kenya ndi Malawi akupereka ART kwa zoposa 50%. Kupitabe patsogolo kumafunika kuonetsetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a TB amachepetsedwa m'madera amenewa.
Zotsatira:
United Nations Development Program. "Kulimbana ndi HIV / AIDS, Malaria ndi Matenda Ena." MDGmonitor. New York, New York.
Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC). "Kuchuluka kwa HIV / AIDS, Kuchuluka kwa Anthu ndi Kuchita Kanthu, 2012." Pretoria, South Africa; inafalitsidwa pa April 1, 2014.
United Nations Program on HIV / AIDS (UNAIDS). "Lipoti la Pulogalamu ya 2013 pa Global Plan." Geneva, Switzerland; inafalitsidwa mu June 2013.
United Nations Program on HIV / AIDS (UNAIDS). "UNAIDS ikufotokoza kuchepetsa kuchepetsa kachilombo ka HIV pakati pa ana ndi 52% komanso kuwonjezereka kwa 33% pakati pa akulu ndi ana kuyambira 2001." Geneva, Switzerland; ndondomeko yomasulira yomwe inatulutsidwa pa September 23, 2013.
Bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO). "Kuphatikiza malamulo othandizira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opatsirana pogonana pofuna kuchiza ndi kupewa HIV." Geneva, Switzerland; inatulutsidwa pa June 30, 2013.
United Nations Program on HIV / AIDS (UNAIDS). "Kuchokera ku South Africa kusungirako katundu wa mankhwala ochepetsa kachilombo ka HIV kumabweretsa chithandizo kwa anthu omwe ali ndi HIV." Geneva, Switzerland; ndondomeko yofalitsa yomwe inatulutsidwa pa November 30, 2012.
Friedan, T. ndi Sbarbaro, J. "Kupititsa patsogolo kulandira chithandizo cha chifuwa chachikulu: kufunika kwa kuwonetsetsa mwachindunji." Bulletin ku bungwe la World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland; May 2007; 85 (5) 325-420.