Kaya mukukhulupirira kuti nthendayi ikuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa chithandizo chamankhwala, zowona kuti nkhanza zachipatala zimaloledwa mu mayiko 25 ndi District of Columbia. Madera anayi ndi DC amalola ngakhale kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mayiko ena tsopano akuyang'anitsitsa kulengeza ngati njira.
Boma la federal silingagwirizane. US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) akupitiriza kugawa mbodya monga mankhwala a Pulojekiti Woyamba ndipo izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoletsedwa.
Kodi izi zikutanthawuza chiyani kwa anthu a Medicare omwe angagwiritse ntchito mankhwalawa?
Kumvetsetsa lamulo la Controlled Substances Act
Act of Controlled Substances Act (CSA) ya 1970 inakonza njira yothetsera mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Inagawaniza mankhwala m'zinthu zisanu, kapena ndandanda, potsatira chiopsezo chawo choyambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena kudalira:
- Ndandanda Woyamba: Palibe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala; chiopsezo chachikulu chozunzidwa ndi kudalira
- Ndondomeko yachiwiri: Kuvomerezedwa kwa mankhwala; chiopsezo chachikulu chozunzidwa ndi kudalira
- Ndandanda III: Kuvomerezedwa kwa mankhwala; kuchepetsa chiopsezo chachikulu chozunzidwa kapena kudalira
- Ndandanda IV: Kuvomerezedwa kwa mankhwala; chiopsezo chachikulu chozunzidwa kapena kudalira
- Ndandanda V: Ntchito yogwiritsidwa ntchito yachipatala; chiopsezo chachikulu chozunzidwa kapena kudalira
Ngakhale kuti mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana, kuchitiridwa nkhanza ndi kudalira kumasiyana kwambiri. Mwachidule, kudalira kumatanthawuza kuti thupi limasowa mankhwala pomwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro a munthu, maganizo awo kapena maganizo ake, amafunikira.
Pokhala ndi malamulo ku mayiko ambiri, pempho laperekedwa kwa DEA kukonzanso ndudu ku ndondomeko yoyamba ya mankhwala a Pulogalamu II. Izi zikhoza kukhala ndi zifukwa zomwe sizidzakhudza malamulo a m'deralo komanso malamulo okhudza kupanga komanso kutumiza ndi kutumiza mankhwala.
Mu August 2016, a DEA anakana pempholo, kusunga chamba ndi mankhwala a ndandanda.
Kodi Marijuana N'ngoopsa Kwambiri Kuposa Cocaine?
Mudzakakamizika kupeza munthu amene saganiza kuti cocaine ndi mankhwala owopsa. Chochititsa chidwi, komabe, cocaine ndi mankhwala a Pulogalamu II. Izi zikutanthauza kuti boma la federal likuwona mankhwala opangidwa ndi cocaine koma osati chamba.
Cocaine wakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati mankhwala opatsirana am'mutu kumutu, mphuno, ndi mmero komanso ngati vasoconstrictor kuti athetse kuphulika kwa magazi. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri azachipatala. Kodi mbombo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito bwanji? Boma limanena kuti palibe mfundo zokwanira zowonetsetsa kuti ziri zotetezeka.
Malamulo a boma omwe amalepheretsa kufufuza ndi ovuta. Choyamba, kufufuza kumafuna ndalama, ndipo zopereka zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti zibwere ndi mtundu wa mankhwala omwe amawoneka owopsa ndi oledzera ndi ndondomeko ya ndondomeko I. Kuti apitirize kufufuza, pempho liyenera kuperekedwa kwa Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Zaumunthu kuti apeze kasitomala wochita kafukufuku; Nkhumba yomwe imachokera ku famu imodzi ku United States yomwe ikuvomerezedwa mokweza kuti ikule, famu ku yunivesite ya Mississippi.
Koma mu August 2016, DEA inanena kuti izi zidzalola kuti mayunivesite ena adziwe kuti akule mbodya kuti ayambe kufufuza.
Ndiye ofufuza ayenera kulandira chilolezo kwa DEA kutenga ndi kutumiza mankhwalawa. Zaka zingathe kutha pokhapokha phunziro lingathe kuchoka pansi, ngati nkomwe. Chotsatira chake ndi chakuti palibe mayesero ochuluka a kuchipatala kuti athandizire ntchito yake, osakwanira kuti akhulupirire boma la federal. Osati pano.
Matenda a Marijuana Zamankhwala
Komabe, pali maphunziro ena othandizira kugwiritsira ntchito chipatala. Pali kafukufuku amene amasonyeza ubwino wa thanzi ndi zomwe zimachokera, makamaka chiopsezo cha chamba chomwe chimatchedwa tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
Deta zambiri, komabe, zimapezeka pa zinyama kuposa anthu.
Matendawa omwe ali ndi deta yothandizira kugwiritsira ntchito mbatata za mankhwala, makamaka pamlingo winawake, ndi awa:
- Kulakalaka kudya
- Ululu wokhudzana ndi khansa
- Khunyu
- Glaucoma
- HIV
- Multiple sclerosis
- Nsowa ndi kusanza
- Matenda a ubongo
Pali chithandizo chochepa chogwiritsira ntchito chipatala cha mankhwala mu fibromyalgia, matenda a Huntington, matenda a Parkinson, nyamakazi ya nyamakazi, kapena ululu wosagwirizana ndi khansa.
Nthawi zonse, zotsatira za psychoactive ndizovuta.
Bungwe la Food and Drug Administration likuvomerezanso mankhwala awiri a khansa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ku United States. Cesamet (nabilone) ndi Marinol (dronabinol) amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza nthenda ndi kusanza kwa anthu omwe amatenga mankhwala a chemotherapy. Marinol angagwiritsidwe ntchito pochiza matenda a anorexia ndi kuchepa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi HIV. Mankhwalawa ndi Ndondomeko II ndi III, motero, ngakhale kuti zimakhala zochokera ku THC.
Medicare ndi Marijuana Medical
Medicare sangathe kulipira mankhwala a Pulogalamu ya 1 chifukwa mwakutanthauzira iwo sali oyenera mankhwala. Osati izo zokha, koma Medicare ndi pulogalamu ya federal ndi pamaso pa DEA, bungwe la federal, chamba chimatsutsana ndi lamulo. Pokhapokha ngati DEA ikasintha ndondomeko (ndipo idakana kuchita zimenezi mu August 2016), chamba chachipatala chili patebulo la opindula a Medicare pokhapokha ngati akufuna kulipira mu thumba .
Izo zikuwoneka kuti ziri chimodzimodzi zomwe zikuchitika!
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa 2016 ku Health Affairs, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a Part D kunatsika mu malo omwe chamba cha mankhwala chinali kupezeka. Cholinga chake ndi chakuti anthu adatembenukira ku chamba cantchito m'malo mwake. Mwachindunji, mankhwala a D Part D anauzidwa kuti azikhala ochepa kuti azikhala ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Kusungidwa kwa Medicare kunafika $ 165 miliyoni mu 2013. Akatswiri ofufuza anapeza kuti ndalamazo zikhoza kukhala zokwana madola 470 miliyoni ngati nkhanza zachipatala zinali zovomerezeka m'dziko lonselo. Kodi Centers for Medicare ndi Medicaid Services (CMS) adzawona kuti chamba cha mankhwala ndi njira yothetsera mavuto m'tsogolomu? Zosachepera m'zimene zili zovomerezeka? Nthawi idzanena.
> Zotsatira:
> Bradford AC, Bradford WD. Malamulo a Marijuana Achipatala Amachepetsa Mankhwala Opatsirana Mankhwala Gwiritsani Ntchito Medicare Part D. Health Aff. 2016 July; 35 (7): 1230-1236. lembani: 10.1377 / hlthaff.2015.1661.
> Drug Enforcement Administration. Kukonzekera Mankhwala. https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml.
> Olamulira: Maiko ndi Madera. Mapu a Malamulo a Marijuana Mapu. http://www.governing.com/gov-data/state-marijuana-laws-map-medical-recreational.html.
> Murnion B. Mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Aust Prescr. 2015 Dec; 38 (6): 212-5. Epub 2015 Dec. 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4674028/.
> Institute of National Drug Abuse. Mfundo Zamankhwala: Kodi Mankhwala a Marijuana? https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/marijuana-medicine. Yakonzedwanso July 2015.