Chibayo chimakhudza mamiliyoni ambiri anthu chaka chilichonse. Malingana ndi Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), anthu oposa 400,000 amafunika kufufuza ndi chithandizo mu dipatimenti yosayembekezereka ndipo anthu oposa 50,000 amafa ndi matendawa. Koma mavuto angapeweke! Kupeza kuti muli ndi chibayo ndi sitepe yoyamba, ndikudziŵa mtundu wa chibayo chomwe muli nacho- bacteria , mavairasi , kapena fungal -ndizofunikira kuti muwathandize.
Kusanthula thupi
Kutentha, chifuwa, ndi mpweya wochepa zingakhale zizindikiro kuti muli ndi chibayo. Dokotala wanu ayambe kuyesa mwa kufufuza zizindikiro zanu zofunika.
Adzayesa kutentha kwanu, kuthamanga kwa magazi, kuthamanga kwa mtima, ndi kupuma kwa thupi, komanso kuyang'ana mlingo wanu wa oxygen pogwiritsa ntchito mapulaneti ozungulira . Izi zimachitika mwa kuyika kachipangizo kakang'ono pa chala chanu kuti mulingalire kuchuluka kwa oxygen m'magazi anu. Mavuto ochepa a mpweya ndi ofunika ndipo angatanthauzire kuti mupange okosijeni.
Pogwiritsa ntchito stethoscope, dokotala amamvetsera mapapu anu. Iwo akuyang'ana kuti amve phokoso lopweteka kapena akuwomba. Kuchuluka kwa phokoso m'dera lina kungatanthauze kuti chibayo chapangidwa kumeneko. Kuyika kumbuyo kwanu kumaloko kungathandize kudziwa ngati pali magulu okhudzana ndi madzi kapena kuphatikiza. Musadabwe ngati mufunsidwa kunena kalata "E" mokweza. Ngati muli ndi madzi m'mapapu anu, zidzamveka ngati "A" mukamvetsera kudzera mu stethoscope.
Mapulogalamu ndi Mayesero
Ngakhale kuyeza kwa thupi kungayambitse chifuwa cha chibayo, matendawa akhoza kulimbikitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayesero osiyanasiyana. Dokotala wanu akhoza kapena sangagwiritse ntchito mayesero awa. Dziwani kuti zambiri ndi zophweka ndi zoongoka pambali yanu-kutengeka kwa magazi kapena kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo, mofulumira komanso zopweteka.
Malipiro Okwanira Onse
Kuwerengera kwa magazi kwathunthu ndi mayeso osavuta komanso otsika mtengo. Nambala yamagazi yoyera ndi imodzi mwazowerengera magazi. Ngati ili pamwamba, matenda kapena kutupa alipo. Sichikudziwitsani mwachindunji ngati muli ndi chibayo.
Procalcitonin
Procalcitonin ndi chithunzithunzi cha calcitonin, mapuloteni omwe amasulidwa ndi maselo poyankha poizoni. Amayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso a magazi. Chochititsa chidwi, kuti mliriwu ukuwonjezeka poyambitsa matenda a bakiteriya koma umachepetsedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Zotsatira zimakhala zabwino mkati mwa maola 4 a kachilombo ka bakiteriya ndi chiwerengero mkati mwa maola 12 mpaka 48. Ngakhale sikukulolani kudziwa kuti mabakiteriya amtundu wanji alipo, zimasonyeza kuti mankhwala opha tizilombo angakhale oyenera.
Chikhalidwe cha Kasutala ndi Gram Stain
Ndondomeko ya golide yowononga matenda a bakiteriya ndi chikhalidwe. Mwatsoka, kusonkhanitsa nyemba zabwino zedi zimakhala zovuta, makamaka ngati wina ali ndi chifuwa chouma. Nthawi zambiri zimayambitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya omwe amapezeka m'mphepete mwa kupuma.
Chitsanzo chiyenera kusonkhanitsidwa musanalandire mankhwala opha tizilombo. Mudzafunsidwa kuti mufufuze chibwibwi, ndikukhala ndi phula pang'ono ngati n'kotheka. Ngati muli ndi vuto lochita izi, dokotala angagwiritse ntchito chipangizo chokhala ndi kamera kakang'ono komanso kakang'ono kamene kamakhala pansi pamtima pako.
Iye adzakuthandizani kuti muzimasuka ndi mankhwala panthawiyi, ndipo pali zochepa zochepa kunja kwa kupweteka kochepa pang'ono.
Mukasonkhanitsidwa, tsamba la Gram limagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mbali ya specimen ndikuyang'anitsitsa pang'onopang'ono. Chitsanzo chabwino cha msuti chidzawonetsa maselo oyera amagazi ambiri koma maselo ochepa kwambiri. Mabakiteriya adzawonekera wofiira kapena violet ndipo, malinga ndi mawonekedwe awo, akhoza kugawidwa ngati limodzi la magulu awiri a mabakiteriya. Kuwonjezera mankhwalawa kumathandiza kuti musankhe mankhwala oyenera.
Kuti mudziwe kuti mabakiteriya enieni akuyambitsa matenda anu, nyemba zanu zidzakulitsidwa mu mbale za Petri.
Akakiteriya kapena bowa akakula, amayesedwa motsutsana ndi ma antibayotiki osiyanasiyana kuti awone chomwe chithandizo chidzagwiritse ntchito kwambiri.
Vuto ndiloti zingatenge masiku kuti tipeze zotsatira zenizeni za chikhalidwe. Komanso, mabakiteriya ena monga S. pneumoniae ndi ovuta kukula ndipo chikhalidwe chingapereke zotsatira zabodza. Chifukwa cha mavuto omwe amapeza popeza chitsanzo chabwino, mayesowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa anthu omwe ali kuchipatala kusiyana ndi omwe amakhala m'deralo.
Mayesero a Antigen a Urine
Matenda a bakiteriya omwe amachititsidwa ndi S. pneumoniae ndi Legionella ali ndi vuto lalikulu. Antigeni ochokera ku mabakiteriyawa amachotsedwa mu mkodzo. Kuyezetsa mkodzo kosavuta kumapezeka kuyang'ana ma antigen.
Zotsatirazi zikupezeka mofulumira ndipo maphunziro asonyeza kuti ali olondola kwambiri kuposa mabala a Gram kapena chikhalidwe. Ubwino wina wa mayesero ndi wakuti mankhwala ochiza maantibayotiki sangasinthe zotsatira.
Vuto ndilokuti mayesero a antigen a mkonzi sali olondola kwambiri m'maganizo akuluakulu a chibayo. Zimayesetsanso kokha kwa serotype imodzi ya Legionella ngakhale pali mitundu yambiri. Ndiponso, mosiyana ndi chikhalidwe, palibe njira yogwiritsira ntchito zotsatira kuti mudziwe kuti maantibayotiki angakhale othandiza kwambiri kuchiza.
Serology
Mabakiteriya ena ndi ovuta kukula m'chikhalidwe ndipo alibe mkodzo wa antigen. Chlamydia , Mycoplasma , ndi mitundu ina ya Legionella ndi mabakiteriya omwe amatha kukhala m'gululi.
Pali serogic blood tests zomwe zingadziwe kuti ndi liti komanso ngati mwatenga kachilomboka. Serolojia imayambitsa ma antibodies opangidwa motsutsana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ma antibodies a IgM amasonyeza matenda atsopano koma ma antigG antibodies amasonyeza kuti mwakhala ndi kachilombo kalelo. Nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kudziŵa kuti maselo amtundu wa IgM atembenuzidwa ku ma antibodies a IgG.
Mapuloteni a PCR ndi Enzyme Immunoassays
Zingakhale zovuta kukhazikitsa kachilombo. M'malo mwake, matenda opatsirana ndi kachilombo kawirikawiri amapezeka kuti amagwiritsa ntchito polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ndi mavitamini a mavitamini.
PCR ndi mayeso omwe amawoneka kuti ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV kapena mabakiteriya. Ndizosiyana ndi serology kuyang'ana mabakiteriya atypical. Ngakhale zotsatira zowonjezeka zimapezeka m'maola 1 mpaka 6, PCR sichitha kuchitidwa. Iyenera kuyendetsedwa ndi labotale.
Enzyme immunoassays, komabe, ikhoza kuchitidwa ngati mayesero osamalidwa ndi zotsatira zomwe zimapezeka mu mphindi 15 mpaka ola limodzi. Mankhwalawa amagwiritsira ntchito ma antibodies kuti aone kukhalapo kwa tizilombo tina timene timatulutsa mavairasi.
Kujambula
Kafukufuku woganizira amapezeka kawirikawiri pamaso pa ma laboratory. Ngati muli ndi thanzi labwino, dokotala angakupatseni chibayo pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku weniweni komanso zojambula zokha.
Chifuwa cha X Ray
Ngati chibayo chikayikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro ndi kuyeretsa thupi, muyezo wa chisamaliro ndi kutenga chifuwa cha x-ray . Chifuwa cha X-ray chingasonyeze kulowa mkati, komwe kuli pus, magazi, kapena mapuloteni m'matumbo a mapapo. Zitha kuwonetsanso zizindikiro zina za matenda a m'mapapu monga zikhomo ndi mitsempha ya m'mapapo .
Kawirikawiri dokotala wanu sangathe kusiyanitsa pakati pa mabakiteriya ndi matenda opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito kujambula yekha. Komabe, kulowa mkati komwe kumadzaza zonse kapena mapulogalamu ambiri m'mapapu akhoza kukhala chibayo choyambitsa matenda a bacteria chifukwa cha S. pneumoniae .
CT Scan
N'zotheka kuti chifuwa cha x-ray chikhoza kuphonya matenda. Ngati adokotala akudandaula kwambiri chifukwa cha chibayo pambuyo pa zotsatira zoipa, angasankhe kutsimikizira kuti matendawa ndi CT . Kawirikawiri, kansalu ya CT imakhala yolondola kwambiri kuposa chifuwa cha x-ray ngakhale kuti zimakhala zambiri komanso zimakuwonetsani kuti mumakhala ndi ma radiation oposa.
Chiyesochi chikuchitidwa mwa kukuyika mosasunthika mu makina opangidwa ndi zopereka zomwe zimatenga zithunzi. Phunziroli ndi lopweteka ndipo limamaliza maminiti, koma ndibwino kunama pomwe mukuyesedwa kuti mupeze zithunzi zabwino.
Bronchoscopy
Pa milandu yovuta yomwe silingayankhe, dokotala wanu angayese zithunzithunzi kuti ayang'ane zifukwa zina. Kuyeza kumeneku kungaphatikizepo bronchoscopy , kumene kamera yopyapyala imatsogoleredwa kudzera m'mphuno kapena pakamwa panu m'mapapu anu.
Mwa njira iyi, dokotala wanu amatha kuona m'maganizo mwake m'mapapo. Miyambo ndi biopsies ingatengedwe ngati pakufunika. Musadandaule. Mudzasinthidwa kuti muchitidwe.
Kusiyanitsa kusiyana
Palinso zina zomwe zingakhale ndi zizindikiro zofanana ndi chibayo, monga bronchitis kapena congestive mtima failure . Ngati munthu ali ndi mphumu , bronchiectasis , kapena matenda osokoneza bongo am'thupi (COPD) , zikhoza kuwonongeka ndi matenda omwe amadziŵika m'mapapo. Muzovuta kwambiri, zikhoza kukhala chizindikiro cha khansa yamapapo .
Komabe, musadabwe ndi izi. Chinthu chabwino kwambiri choti muchite ndi kupita kuchipatala kuti mukapeze matenda oyenera. Kawirikawiri, kamodzi akapezeka, chibayo chikhoza kusamalidwa bwino.
> Zotsatira:
> Bartlett JG. Njira Yodziwiritsira Pneumonia Yopezeka M'dera mwa Akuluakulu. Mu: Bond S. (ed), UpToDate [Internet] , Waltham, MA. Idasinthidwa February 2018.
> AM AMA. Multiplex PCR ndi Emerging Technologies kuti Zidziwitsidwe za Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 May; 52 Suppl 4: S326-30. lembani: 10.1093 / cid / cir047.
> Harris AM, Beekmann SE, PM Green, Moore MR. Kufufuza kwa Rapid Urine Antigen Kuyesedwa kwa Streptococcus pneumoniae mwa Achikulire omwe ali ndi chibayo Chodziwika ndi Pagulu: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zipatala ndi Zopinga. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014 Aug; 79 (4): 454-7. lembani: 10.1016 / j.diagmicrobio.2014.05.008.
> Chibayo. National Heart, Lung, ndi Bood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/pneumonia.
> Rodrigues CMC, Groves H. Pneumonia Yopezeka Pakati pa Ana: Mavuto a Kufufuza kwa Microbiological. J Clin Microbiol. 2018 Feb 22; 56 (3). pii: e01318-17. lembani: 10.1128 / JCM.01318-17.