Kaya ndi nkhumba ya nkhumba, chimfine cha avian , chipolopolo , kapena chimfine cha typhoid timamva mawu amfayo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Kodi nthendayi imatanthauzanji kwenikweni? Ngati tidziwa kuti chimfine chimatanthauza chiyani, tikhoza kukhala okonzeka kuthana ndi vuto limodzi.
Mawu akuti mliri amabwera kuchokera ku Latin ndi Greek. Pan imatanthauza zonse kapena kudutsa - mu nkhaniyi, zikutanthawuza kudutsa lonse lapansi. Demo limatanthauza anthu kapena chiŵerengero.
Choncho nthendayi imatchula matenda aliwonse omwe amafalitsa anthu ambiri. Kawirikawiri, mliriwu umatanthawuza chiwindi (chimfine) chimene chiri ndi kachilombo ndipo chimafalitsa. Mliriwu ukhoza kukhala chiganizo (matenda a mliri) kapena akhoza kukhala dzina (Chisokonezo cha Fluji cha ku Spain cha 1918-1919.) Palinso kusiyana pakati pa mliri ndi mliri .
Kufufuza ndi Kufotokozera Mliri
Bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO) limafotokoza za mliri. Njira yawo yolimbana ndi matenda olimbana ndi matendawa ndikulongosola zam'tsogolo mwa magawo asanu kapena magawo asanu, kusonyeza mtundu wa mayankho omwe akufunika pa gawo lililonse. Zigawo sizikugwirizana ndi momwe munthu wodwala aliri kapena anthu angati ali nawo. M'malo mwake, amafotokoza momwe zilili komanso momwe zikufalikira kumadera osiyanasiyana. Zimaganiziranso mmene kachilombo ka HIV kamayambira. Ngati kachilombo ka HIV kamangoyamba kumene, makamaka, anthu sadzakhala ndi chitetezo chochepa kapena ayi.
Nyama ngati nkhumba ndi mbalame zimakhala ndi mavairasi atsopano nthawi zonse. Pofika kuti kachilombo ka nyama kamakhala ndi kachilombo kaumunthu, ndiye kuti anthu akhoza kuyamba kukula ngati matenda a chimfine, kuchokera ku HIV. Zomwe zimasamutsidwa ndi matenda omwe amachititsa kwenikweni zimachitika mobwerezabwereza kuposa momwe mungayang'anire, ndikupatsira anthu ochepa chaka chilichonse.
Pamene anthu ayamba kupha anthu ena ndi majeremusi omwe adachokera ku zinyama, ndiye akuluakulu azaumoyo amayamba kumvetsera. Popeza kuti anthu sanamangepo chitetezo choteteza mavairasi awo, chiwopsezo chatsopano chiyenera kukhala momwe chingathere kuti chifalitse anthu ambiri m'madera osiyanasiyana, kotero kuti ndizowopsa.
Miyeso ya Mliri
WHO imayang'anira mavairasi onse, nyama kapena anthu, kudzera mu magawo kapena magawo.
- Gawo 1: Mavairasi akuyenda pakati pa nyama zokha. Palibe matenda a munthu amene amayamba chifukwa cha kachilombo ka nyama.
- Gawo 2: Vuto la nyama limayambitsa matenda m'thupi. Panthawiyi, pali chiwerengero chachikulu cha mliri woopsya chifukwa vuto la kachilombo ka HIV lasinthika kuti lipititse kwa munthu.
- Gawo 3: Masango ang'onoang'ono a anthu agwidwa ndi kachirombo ka HIV m'madera amodzi. Pali zotheka kufalitsa kachilomboka ngati ena kunja kwa mudziwo akukhudzana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV. Panthawiyi, matendawa akhoza kukhala mliri m'deralo, koma sizowopsa.
- Gawo 4: Kufalitsa kachilombo kaumunthu kwa anthu ndi kwa nyama ndi kwaumunthu kumayambitsa kuphulika m'madera ambiri ndipo anthu ambiri akudwala m'madera omwewo. Mipingo yambiri imabweretsa mavuto ndi nthendayi, ngakhale, malinga ndi WHO, mliri siwotchulidwa kale.
- Gawo lachisanu: Kutumiza kwa anthu kupita kwa anthu kumachitika m'mayiko awiri m'madera amodzi a WHO. WHO ili ndi magulu 120 a Influenza Central Centers m'mayiko 90. Pa gawo lachisanu, mayiko ambiri samakhudzidwa (komabe) mliriwu ukuonedwa kuti uli pafupi. Gawoli ndi chizindikiro chakuti maboma ndi ogwira ntchito zaumoyo ayenera kukhala okonzeka kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo zolepheretsa matenda.
- Gawo 6: Mliri wadziko lonse ukuchitika. Matenda ali ponseponse ndipo maboma ndi ogwira ntchito zaumoyo akugwira ntchito mwakhama kuti athetse kufalikira kwa matendawa, ndikuthandizani anthu awo kuthana nawo ndi njira zowonongeka ndi zolepheretsa.
- Post-pandemic: Pambuyo pa kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito, ntchito yofalitsa matenda idzayamba. Chinsinsi pa mfundoyi ndi kukonzekera kuyesa kuthamanga kwachiwiri.
Nthawi yochepa ya magawo 1 mpaka 6 ikhoza kuchitika kwa miyezi ingapo mpaka zaka zambiri.
Zowonongeka m'zaka za m'ma 20 ndi 21
Pamene dziko lapansi lakhala laling'ono pazinthu zowunikira komanso luso komanso chilakolako choyenda, ziwawa zakhudzidwa.
Kuyenda kosavuta kwatanthawuza kuti kachilomboka kakuyendayenda padziko lonse mofulumira kuposa momwe anthu angakhalire m'malo. Gulu la ophunzira omwe akupita ku Mexico patsiku lopuma likubwerera kwawo ku New York ndipo kufalikira kwa matendawa kwa achibale awo ndi akusukulu. Mkazi wamalonda amapita ku Mexico pa bizinesi ndipo amakumana ndi munthu yemwe akukhala ndi matendawa nkhumba yatsopano popanda kudziwa. Kapena munthu wodwalayo wayamba kuyimba ndikukakamira ndikugwira tebulo kapena botolo la madzi lomwe limakhudzidwa ndi mkazi wamalondayo. Amagwiritsa ntchito majeremusi ndipo amachititsa anthu pa ndege, pabwalo la ndege, ndi kunyumba.
Kuphweka kwa mauthenga kumakhudzanso,. Pazinthu zabwino, zikutanthauza kuti tingapeze zambiri zokhudza chikhalidwe ndi chitetezo kwa iwo omwe amafunikira mofulumira kwambiri, nthawi zina nthawi yomweyo. Pa mbali yolakwika, zikutanthauza kuti zoipa zimapita mofulumira, nayenso. Komanso, mantha amakula mofulumira, ngakhale, pochita mantha nthawi zonse, mantha angatanthauze anthu kutenga njira zowononga komanso zowonongeka mosavuta.
Pa mliri wa 1918 mpaka 1919, panali anthu 40 mpaka 50 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa chakuti kulankhulana ndi kukonzekera kwakhalapo kwambiri kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, WHO imalingalira kuti mliri wazaka za m'ma 2100 udzachititsa "kufa" kwa anthu 2 mpaka 7.4 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi.
Nkhuku ya Avian Flu ndi nkhumba
WHO imaona kuti mitundu iwiri ya chimfine ili pachiopsezo chachikulu chokhala mliri m'zaka za zana la 21.
Chiwombankhanga cha mbalame, chomwe chimatchedwa mbalame ya chimfine, chinayamba kuzindikiridwa ku Hong Kong (H5N1) mu 1997, koma sichikudziwika kuti ndi nthendayi chifukwa sichinafalikire mwa kutanthawuza kwa magawo apamwamba. Pofika chaka cha 2013, mtundu wina wa chimfine cha mbalame, H7N9 inadziwika koma inali kufalikira kuchokera kwa mbalame mpaka kwa munthu.
Chifuwa cha nkhumba ndi matenda a H1N1 Influenza A. Mu April 2009, idayamba kufalikira ku midzi yatsopano kuchokera ku Mexico ndipo inalengeza kuti ndi mliri wa World Health Organization mu June 2009. Phunzirani zambiri za nkhumba za nkhumba .