Ovomerezeka ndi Kuchita Zowonongeka Mwa Anthu Osamva ndi Ovuta Kumva Anthu
Kodi ndondomeko zotsekera zinayamba liti? Kodi mbiri ya chinenero cha manja ndi chiyani? Kukhala m'zaka zaposachedwapa, ndi zovuta kulingalira zomwe dziko lapansi linkachita mmbuyomo kwa anthu ogontha komanso osamva. Kutenga mphindi kuti tizindikire ovomereza ambiri omwe apanga kusiyana, onse ogontha ndi anthu akumva, ndizo zomwe tonsefe tiyenera kuchita.
Mbiri yosamva ndi cholowa ndizolemera kwambiri komanso zosangalatsa. Anthu omwe akufuna kuphunzira za ogontha m'mbiri amatha kuwerenga za zochitika monga Deaf President Now movement yomwe inapangitsa University of Gallaudet kukhala pulezidenti woyamba wogontha, kuphunzira za chitukuko chakumvetsera zamakono, kuwerenga za kusankhana m'masukulu ogontha, ndi kuphunzira za anthu ambiri m'mbiri omwe anali ogontha.
Tiye tione anthu ochepa chabe, kayendetsedwe kake, ndi matekinoloje omwe apanga kusiyana kwa anthu ogontha kapena osamva.
Kuchita Zowonongeka kwa Osamva ndi Ovuta Kumva Anthu
Anthu ogontha komanso omvera omwe amamvetsera mwachidwi amakhala ndi mbiri yolimba yokhudzidwa. Ophunzira awiri a ku Yunivesite ya Gallaudet anaphatikizidwa mu chiwonetsero, choyamba m'ma 1980 ndi kachiwiri kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 2000.
Gulu loyambalo, "Deaf President Presidential Now," linayambitsa chisankho cha pulezidenti woyamba wogontha wa Yunivesite ya Gallaudet.
Pachiwiri chotsutsa, " Unity kwa Gallaudet ," ophunzira adatsutsana ndi chisankho chosavomerezeka kwa purezidenti, ndipo adakambirana za maphunziro ku Gallaudet.
Chithandizo Chothandizira: Mbiri ndi Zamakono
Pafupifupi malingana ndi kusamva, pakhala zipangizo zamakono . Zipangizo zamakono zathandiza anthu ogontha komanso omvera kuti amvetsetse, akuwathandiza kugwiritsa ntchito foni, ndipo apanga mapulogalamu a kanema.
Mungaganize za kufotokozera kutsekedwa kwakhala kwanthawi zonse, koma mbiriyakale ya mawu omangika ndi aang'ono kwambiri. Lusoli linayambira ndi mawu omasuka pa Chef French mu 1972, ndi kutsekedwa mawu omveka kukhalapo koma kochepa kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80. Telecom Act ya 1996 inalembetsa mawu omveka, omwe tsopano akupezeka kwa anthu ogontha komanso omvera.
Mbiri ya cochlear implant inayamba kale kuposa kutsekedwa mawu, komabe nayenso ndi wamng'ono kwambiri. Njira yoyamba yogwiritsira ntchito magetsi kuti athandize kumva inali mu 1790. Njira zamakono zinachokera kumapeto kwa zaka za makumi awiri, ndipo kuyambira 1984, sizinayesedwe. Teknolojiayi ikupitirizabe kuyenda bwino pamphepete mwa mphezi.
Kuchokera ku malipenga odandaula ku ma BTE osasangalatsa, zothandizira kumva zamasintha kwambiri kudutsa zaka.
Ndikutumizirana mameseji, Skype, ndi imelo tikhoza kuiwala mavuto oyankhulana, makamaka pazinthu monga ngati makolo osamva akumva ana. Komabe izi zisanachitike kupita patsogolo kunali foni yamakono kapena TTY . Kuitana koyambira kwautali kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito TTY kunapangidwa mu 1964 ndi woyambitsa, Robert Weitbrecht.
Kupulumuka kwachuma mwa osamva ndi ovuta kumva anthu
Kupulumuka kwachuma kwa anthu ogontha komanso ovuta kumva akumidzi yakhala ikukumana ndi mavuto m'mbiri yonse.
Mwachitsanzo, mu Kuvutika Kwakukulu kwa zaka za m'ma 1930, anthu ogontha adakumana ndi mavuto omwewo monga kumva anthu, koma zambiri. Anthu amene anakhalapo panthaŵi imeneyo angakumbukire "ogulitsa osamva." Anthu omwe anali ogontha kapena omva zovuta kumvetsera anthu amapereka khadi la zilembo kuti akhale ndi ndalama.
Maphunziro Osamva
Maphunziro osamva ku United States akhala ndi mbiri yakale, kubwerera ku zaka za m'ma 1900.
Mwinamwake zotsatira zazikulu mu lingaliro loipa linali Milan 1880 . Pamsonkhano wapadziko lonse wa aphunzitsi osamva, chigamulocho chinaperekedwa kuti asiye chinenero chamanja. Mayiko okhawo omwe anali otsutsa lamuloli anali United States ndi Great Britain.
Kusankhana kusukulu kwa ogontha kunali kovuta. Monga momwe sukulu za boma zinagawanika, ophunzira osamva akulephera kupita ku sukulu ndi ophunzira osamva oyera, ngakhale ku sukulu yomweyo.
Osati mbiriyakale yonse, komabe, inali yoipa kwambiri. Ganizirani za mbiri ya yunivesite ya Gallaudet kuti muone momwe kuyamba kochepa mu maphunziro osamva kunakula kukhala mphamvu.
Media ndi Kumva
Monga momwe zimagwirira ntchito zamakono ndi maphunziro, udindo wa mauthenga mwa ogontha komanso omvera omwe amamvetsera mwachidwi wagwira ntchito yaikulu. Mabuku osamva ndi ovuta kumva ndi zowonjezera zakhala zikuchuluka, kuyambira ndi "tsopano Silen News" pantchito.
Anthu osamva (ngati osamva) amakhala pa TV kwa zaka zambiri. Pakhala kuyesayesa kukhala ndi makanema osamva . Masiku ano, intaneti yasintha chirichonse ndipo zinathandiza kuti anthu ogontha akhale ndi zamakono zamakono zamakono.
Anthu mu Mbiri Yachisoni
Anthu ambiri ogontha komanso osamva, komanso ena akumva, apereka ndalama zambiri ku mbiri yosamva. Kodi mumadziwa kuti munthu wogontha amatsatira makasitoma okongola a Girl Scout omwe mumakonda chaka chilichonse? Kapena kuti mayi wosamva anali wolemba nkhani m'zaka za m'ma 1800? Kuchokera kwa Helen Kellier, kwa Thomas Edison, kwa Laura Redden Searing, ndi zina, phunzirani za ena otchuka m'mbiri yosamva .
Chilankhulo cha manja
Ophunzira nthawi zambiri amafuna kudziwa mbiri ya chinenero chamanja . Kodi zinatheka motani? Ngakhale kuti abambo osamva a Abbe de l "Epee wa ku France amanenedwa kuti akubwera ndi mtundu woyamba wa chinenero chamanja chomwe chinayamba kukhala chinenero chamanja cha American (ASL), mizu yake imabwerera kumbuyo kwa munthu wina wa ku France, wolemba mabuku wogontha Pierre Desloges.
Ndipo, kodi mumadziwa kuti mumzindawu munali anthu ambiri ogontha kuti anthu onse akumva anaphunzira chinenero chamanja? M'zaka za zana la 19, anthu okhala pa Munda Wamphesa wa Marita anali osamva ngati kumva.
Nthawi Zowopsya M'mbiri Yachisoni
Mwamwayi, kale, ogontha nthawi zambiri ankalakwitsa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa maganizo ndipo anthu nthawi zambiri ankakhala ndi mavuto aakulu. Komanso, kukhala wogontha pa nthawi ya chipani cha Nazi kunkapezeka chilango cha imfa, ngakhale kuti simunali Ayuda.
Pamunsi pa Mbiri Yachisoni ndi Cholowa
Monga tanenera kale, mbiri yosamva ndi cholowa ndi zolemera komanso zosiyana. Kuchokera ku luso lamakono, maphunziro, mauthenga ndi zina, kupita patsogolo kumachepetsa zotsatira za ogontha kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Pamene tili ndi njira yochuluka yopita, kupitiliza kupita patsogolo ndi kumvetsetsa kwambiri anthu ogontha komanso omvera omveka ndi anthu akupanga kusiyana mu njira zambiri.
> Zotsatira:
> Association of the Deaf National. NAD Mbiri. https://www.nad.org/about-us/nad-history/