Chisokonezo chosasangalatsa m'maphunziro osamva
Palibe zochitika zina m'mbiri ya maphunziro osamva zomwe zinakhudza kwambiri moyo ndi maphunziro a anthu ogontha kuposa msonkhano womwe unachitikira ku Milan kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900.
Chidule cha msonkhano wa Milan wa 1880
Mu 1880, panali msonkhano waukulu wa mayiko ambiri ophunzitsa ogontha otchedwa Second International Congress pa maphunziro a anthu osamva. Pamsonkhano uwu, chidziwitso chinapangidwira kuti maphunziro a pamlomo anali abwino kusiyana ndi maphunziro (zolemba).
Zotsatira zake, chinenero chamanja kusukulu kwa ogontha analetsedwa.
Pano pali mayankho awiri oyambirira omwe athandizidwa ndi msonkhano:
- Msonkhanowu, pokhala ndi chidziwitso chosaneneka chosonyeza zizindikiro pobwezeretsa ogontha osamvetsetseka kwa anthu ndi kumudziwitsa bwino chinenero, akunena kuti njira yachankhulidwe iyenera kukhala yovomerezeka ku zizindikiro mu maphunziro ndi maphunziro a osamva.
- Msonkhanowu, poona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mawu osamvekako ndi zizindikiro nthawi imodzi kumakhala kovuta kuwonetsa kuyankhula ndi kuŵerenga kwa milomo ndi molondola wa malingaliro, akunena kuti njira yoyenera ya mkamwa iyenera kukondedwa.
Zosankha zina zinakhudzidwa ndi nkhani, monga:
- Maphunziro a ophunzira osamva osauka
- Ndondomeko zophunzitsira ophunzira osamva mumlomo ndi zomwe zimapindulitsa kwa nthawi yaitali
- Kufunika kwa mabuku a maphunziro kwa aphunzitsi osamva
Chifukwa cha msonkhano wa ku Milan, aphunzitsi ogontha adataya ntchito zawo, chifukwa chakuti anthu ambiri ogontha, omwe anali olemba mabuku, akatswiri, ndi advocats anachepa.
Komanso, khalidwe la moyo ndi maphunziro a ophunzira osamva lakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoipa.
Komabe, uthenga wabwino ndi wakuti mabungwe ngati National Association of Ogontha adakwera ndi kulamulira mwa omutsatira ambiri. Kuwonjezera apo, purezidenti wa Gallaudet College anapanga chisankho chachikulu kuti asunge chinenero chamanja pamsasa.
M'kupita kwa nthawi, mu 1970, pulofesa wina wazaka zambiri ku Gallaudet College, William Stokoe analengeza chinenero chamanja kukhala chinenero chenicheni.
Pamapeto pake, chisankho cha Gallaudet College kuti asunge chinenero cha manja chinathandiza kwambiri m'chinenero chamanja. Izi zikuphatikizapo ophunzira ambiri ogontha omwe adakambirana mwachinsinsi wina ndi mnzake ndi zizindikiro, ngakhale kuletsa.
Kuletsedwa kwa Chinenero Chamanja: Chotsatira "Chokhazikika"
Malingana ndi akatswiri, kuletsa chinenero cha manja pa msonkhano wa mayiko ku Milan kunali kudziwika bwino. Izi ndichifukwa chakuti msonkhano unayimilidwa ndi anthu omwe ankadziwika olemba. Munthu wolankhula pamlomo ndi munthu amene amalimbikitsidwa kuti azitha kuphunzitsa, zomwe ndizo kuphunzitsa anthu ogontha kuti alankhulane mwa kulankhula kapena kuwerenga, kusiyana ndi chinenero chamanja.
Ndizosangalatsa kuzindikira kuti United States ndi Britain ndiwo okhawo omwe amatsutsa lamuloli. Mwatsoka, kutsutsa kwawo kunanyalanyazidwa.
Zotsatira za Nthaŵi Zonse za Msonkhano wa Milan
Msonkhano wa ku Milan mu 1880 ndi wofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri yosamva kuti walemekezedwa ndi zikhalidwe, monga kujambula, Milan, Italy 1880, ndi Mary Thornley wosamva. Chithunzichi chinkajambula otsutsa akuloza mfuti zawo pamakalata akuti "ASL," omwe amaimira Chinenero Chamanja cha ku America.
Mu October 1993, yunivesite ya Gallaudet inakonza msonkhano wotchedwa "Post Milan ASL ndi kuwerenga Chingelezi ." Msonkhanowu unaphatikizapo nkhani yomwe inati, "Kuganizira za Milan ndi diso m'tsogolomu," ndi Katherine Jankowski.
Poyang'anitsitsa, wina anganene kuti m'zaka zapitazo chinenero cha manja ndi chiphunzitsochi chaphunzira kukhalapo mwamtendere. Sikudzakhalanso wina Milan 1880.
Mawu Ochokera
Msonkhano ku Milan unali wosasangalatsa kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu osamva. Mwamwayi, chilankhulo cha manja sichikakamizidwa m'masukulu. M'malomwake, chinenero chamanja chimaphatikizidwa ngati njira yolankhulana yeniyeni komanso yapadera.
Ndicho, ngati inu kapena wokondedwa wanu muli ndi khanda kapena mwana yemwe ndi wogontha kapena wosamva bwino, pali zinthu zomwe zingathandize kuthandizira wanu kukhala ndi luso lolankhulana lomwe akufuna.
Chinthu chimodzi chothandiza kwambiri ndi bungwe lotchedwa CHOICES for Parents, lomwe limangopereka njira zowonjezera luso loyankhulana kwa mwana wanu, komanso limapereka chithandizo, kulengeza, ndi maubwenzi osiyanasiyana.
> Zotsatira:
> Dictionary Dictionary Yachilankhulo cha ku America: Milan, Italy 1880.
> Gannon, JR, Butler, J., & Gilbert, L.-J. (1981). Luso la anthu osamva: Mbiri yakale ya anthu ogontha ku America . Silver Spring, Md: National Association of the Deaf.
> Kushalnagar P et al. Ana ndi ana omwe ali ndi vuto lakumva amafunika kuyambirira kupeza. J Clin Ethics . 2010 Chilimwe; 21 (2): 143-54.