Zimene Ife Tsopano Timachita Zowona
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Masiku oyambirira a kufotokozera pa TV amayenera kutsegulira mawu, ndi mawu omwe amasindikizidwa pazenera. Tsegulani mawu ofotokozera kuyambira ndi Chef French pa PBS (1972). Posakhalitsa potsatira mapulogalamu ena kuphatikizapo:
- Mafotokozedwe a ABC World News Tonight
- Sondani
- Pambuyo pa Classic
Mapulogalamu oyambirirawa adatchulidwa ndi WGBH Caption Center. Komabe, kufotokozera mwachidule sikunali kuvomerezedwa ndi anthu akumvetsera ndipo izi zinapangitsa kufotokozera mawu omveka.
Mavesi omveka amalembedwa pa mzere 21 wa nthawi yobisika, ndipo samawonekera kupatula ngati oyendetsa deta akugwiritsidwa ntchito. (Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Line 21 kwa zilembo zotsekedwa kunavomerezedwa mu 1976 ndi Federal Communications Commission).
Chiyambi cha Mawu Otsekedwa
Ndinazindikira mu nyuzipepala yanga ya komweko kuti boma linakhazikitsa bungwe la National Captioning Institute lopanda phindu limene lingagulitse olemba malamulo osamalidwa, ndipo zomwe zikutsekedwa zikanayamba mu 1980. Panali bungwe lina la National Captioning Institute kuti lipewe kuthetsa mkangano wokhala ndi PBS kupyolera mu WGBH Caption Center, kupereka mauthenga ofotokozera ma intaneti ena. Nthawi yomweyo ndinayamba kusungira ndalama zanga zonse kuti ndizisunga. Ndimakumbukirabe ulendo wopita ku Sears kuti ndikayambe kukonza mapulogalamu anga oyambirira, ndipo ndikukondwera mu March 1980 pamene ndinayang'ana ndondomeko yanga yoyamba yotsekedwa, gawo la Barney Miller, pa tepi yaing'ono yakuda ndi yakuda.
Mawu omveka a televizioni anakula, koma osakwanira kuti akwaniritse ogontha. Vuto linali lachikulire ndi nkhuku pamene ofalitsa sankafuna kufotokoza zambiri pokhapokha ngati ena ogulitsira malonda akugulitsidwa ndipo anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi vuto lakumvetsera sakufuna kugula amtunduwo mpaka pulogalamu yowonjezera yowonjezera inalipo.
Ndipotu, monga ndinaphunzirira pambuyo pake, olemba malamulo ambiri adagulidwa ndi anthu omvetsera, makamaka anthu kuphunzira Chingerezi ngati chinenero chachiwiri, omwe adapeza kuti angapindule ndi mawuwa, kusiyana ndi ogontha okha. Zifukwa zingapo zimasungira malonda ochepa kwambiri: mtengo, kuchepa kwachepera, komanso osachepera, kusayenerera kwa anthu omvera kuti awulule kutaya kwakumva kwawo pokhala ndi cholembera chovomerezeka pa TV.
Ndale za Kutsekedwa Mawu
Mbiri yakale ya kufotokoza ndemanga yotsekedwa inalinso yodzaza ndi zochitika zandale. CBS poyamba siinayambe nawo mbali chifukwa CBS inkafuna kugwiritsa ntchito teknoloji ya teletext mmalo mwa malemba 21. Izi zinachititsa kuti anthu osamva amvetsetsedwe motsutsana ndi CBS. Ndimakumbukirabe ndikuchita nawo chionetsero chimodzi monga wophunzira wa NTID kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80s, pamene magulu a ophunzira a NTID adagonjetsedwa kumzinda wa Rochester kotero kuti adziphatikizira ku siteshoni ya CBS. Pofika m'chaka cha 1984, CBS inapereka ndipo inavomereza kufotokoza ziganizo pa mzere 21 (ndipo teletext inamwalira patapita nthawi).
Nkhondo Yogonjera Mavidiyo Akumudzi
Mavidiyo avidiyo amapezeka ndi ndemanga, koma zosankhazo zinali zochepa. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, anthu osamva pamodzi ndi ine ndinayamba kutsutsa.
Kupita kuvidiyo ya Blockbuster inali vuto m'mavuto. Ndinayamba kuchita nawo gulu lomwe linayambira ndi Stuart Gopen ndi Andrea Shettle, kuti adziwe zambiri pavidiyo. Ndinawatcha gulu "Caption Action." The Caption Action movement inapeza mavoti otsekedwa m'mavidiyo ambiri, kuphatikizapo Star Trek mndandanda, ndi mndandanda wa Little Rascals wa Republic Home Video. Mafotokozedwe Action amagwira ntchito mwakhama kutumiza uthenga ku makampani apakompyuta a kunyumba ngakhale kuti zolemba pamasewero apanyumba ndizodzipereka, ogontha amayembekezera ndipo angafunse malemba!
Chinthu chimodzi chochokera ku Caption Action ndi pamene ndimalipira kuti ndiyike pamasitomala, ndipo idatengedwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Mwina nthawi yosangalatsa kwambiri yomwe ndakhala nayo pamene ndinalandira kalata yochokera kwa mkulu ku Republic Pictures Home Video inandiuza kuti ayamba kufotokoza mwachidule. Iwo akhala atakana kale kufotokoza mpaka ine nditayamba kulembera kalata kumapeto kwa Spanky McFarland wa kutchuka kwa Little Rascals. Bambo McFarland anawuza Republic, ndipo zina zonse zinali mbiri . (Ngati Spanky McFarland sakanatero, sitepe yanga yotsatira iyenera kuti inali kuyang'ana pansi ndi kulankhulana ndi Jackie Cooper).
Atapambana ndi Republic, anthu osamva anandipempha kuti ndiyambe kujambula mavidiyo a Star Trek. Kuti nditengere mavidiyo a Star Trek, ndinapempha thandizo la gulu la omvera la Star Trek, ndikulembera atsogoleri a magulu a fan, ndikulemba pamabwalo a uthenga wa intaneti, ndi zina zotero.
Malamulo a Zigawo za Gulu nkhondo
Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80s, kukula kwa televizioni kunatanthawuza kuti mapulogalamu ochulukirapo sankakwaniritsidwa kwa ogontha komanso osamva . Potsirizira pake, boma likuzindikira kufunikira kwa malamulo kuti lifulumizitse zinthu ndi kulamulidwa kuti onse ailesi yakanema amawoneka masentimita 13 kapena akuluakulu amadzimadzi otsekemera akudziwika. Lamuloli ndilo mbiri yakale ya Television Decoder Circuitry Act ya 1990. Potsirizira pake, tidzamasulidwa ku ma decoders ndipo vuto la nkhuku ndi dzira lidzathetsedwa.
Kupeza lamulo ili kudapitako sikunali kakang'ono kokha, koma pafupi. Panali kutsutsidwa kuchokera ku bungwe linalake lapadera. Ndalandira umboni wa umboni weniweni wa Capitol Hill ndi woimira bungweli. Mnzanga ndi ine tinakonza kalata yowononga umboni wa woimirirayo ndikuiyika pa bungwe. Chinthu china chomwe tinachidziwa, woimirayo sankagwiranso ntchito pa gululo.
Ma TV omwe ali ndi maulendo ovomerezeka adagulitsidwa mu 1993, osati kamphindi posakhalitsa - pafupifupi 400,000 maola onse ogulitsidwa anali atagulitsidwa chaka cha 1992. Kuwonjezeka kwa makanema ojambula malemba sikunali kokwanira kuti pakhale kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kupezeka kwa captioning. Chifukwa chimodzi chinali chifukwa kufotokozera mawu kunalibe ntchito yodzifunira, yomwe nthawi zambiri inachititsa otsatsa malonda kukhala ngati chithandizo chomwe chiyenera kulipidwa ndi magulu akunja mmalo mochiwona ngati mtengo wina wa bizinesi. Poyankha, Congress mu 1996 inadutsa Telecommunication Act ya 1996, yomwe inalamula kufotokozedwa pa TV. Kuchita izi kwathandizira kukulirakulira mofulumira mu makampani otsekemera. Ngakhale kuti sizinthu zonse pa televizioni, timachoka pa maola 15 oyambirira pa mapulogalamu ofotokozera mu 1980.
Kukula kwa chitukuko cha malonda ndikuwonetsedwa pa webusaiti imene ndinayambira mu 1995, Webusaiti Yotsekedwa. Poyambirira, webusaiti ya cholinga chonse, yakhala njira yopezera malingaliro, komanso kupeza ntchito muzolemba zamagulu.
Tsogolo la malemba
Kodi tsogolo liri lotani? Kuyambira tsopano, kufufuza ndi chitukuko cha zipangizo zamakono zozindikiritsa mawu zikupitirira ndipo tsiku limodzi, zikhoza kutengapo mawu ofotokozera monga momwe tikudziwira lero. Mpaka apo, makampani olemba mawu akupitirizabe kufalikira kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi malamulo.