Chilankhulo cha Mankhwala cha ku America chakhala chapafupi kwa nthawi yaitali. Koma ndani adayambitsa kapena zinakhala bwanji?
Chimene timachitcha Chinenero Chamanja cha ku America kwenikweni chimachokera ku Ulaya. Zimadziŵikanso kuti m'zaka za zana la 18, mphunzitsi wa ogontha Abbe de l'Epee wa ku France anayamba ndi chinenero chamanja choyambirira chomwe chinapangitsa Chiyankhulo cha Chizindikiro cha ku America. Abbe de l'Epee anapanga dongosolo la French lofanana lofanana ndi lingaliro loti lilembedwe Chichewa Chonchi.
Community Community Signing
Komabe, kale kale anthu a ku France adasaina chizindikiro cha Abbe de l'Epee. Izi zinalembedwa ndi wolemba mabuku wosamva Pierre Desloges. Wolemba analemba m'buku lake la 1779 lakuti Observations of a Deaf-Mute kuti de de l'Eppee adaphunzira chinenero cha manja cha Chifalansa kwa anthu ogontha ku France. Zikuwoneka kuti kwa zaka zambiri, dongosolo lamaphunziro ndi "njira yeniyeni" yolembera inakhazikika, ndi bukuli mwina likugwiritsidwa ntchito m'kalasi ndi dongosolo "loona" kunja kwa kalasi.
Kusindikiza kwa Martha kwa Munda Wamphesa
Buku la Nora Ellen Groce, " Wina Aliyense Padziko Lapansi la Chinenero Chamanja ," limatulukira chiyambi cha chinenero chamanja cha Martha cha Mpesa (MVSL), chinenero chamanja choyambirira chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito pachilumba cha Martha's Vineyard pamphepete mwa nyanja ya Massachusetts, kumene kunamva kwachinsinsi kunali kofala kuyambira Zaka za m'ma 1700. Anatsata MVSL kubwerera ku Kent Kent kumwera kwa England. Groce imapezeka mu "Diary's Samuel Pepy's Diary" yomwe chinenero cha manja chinagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Kentish "weald" (dera lakuda).
Alendo a mpesa adayitana chizindikiro chawo "Chinenero Chamanja cha Chilmark" pambuyo pa mudzi wa Chilmark komwe kunali anthu osamva bwino.
MVSL iyenera kuti inakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha Chinenero Chamanja cha ku America pamene ana ogontha ochokera ku Martha's Vineyard anayamba kupita ku American School for the Deaf ku Hartford, Connecticut.
Kuwonjezera apo, monga ana ogontha ochokera m'madera osiyanasiyana akulowa sukuluyi, mwinamwake anabweretsa zizindikiro "zokometsera". Patapita nthawi, zizindikirozi mwina zimagwirizananso ndi chinenero chamanja china chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusukulu (kuphatikizapo Buku la Chingerezi) ndipo chinapangidwa kukhala wotchedwa ASL.
Mbiri ya Chinenero Chamanja
Magazini Sign Language Studies ku Gallaudet University Press yatulutsa nkhani zokhudza mbiri ya chinenero chamanja. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani yakuti "Phunziro la Chinenero Chamanja Chamanja M'zaka za m'ma 1800 ku France," inali mu Sign Language Studies , Voliyumu 2, Magazini 4, 2002.
Lowani Mayiko Ena
Chilankhulo cha manja cha dziko lililonse chili ndi mbiri. Mbiriyo nthawi zambiri imakhala yofanana ndi chitukuko cha ASL. Mwachitsanzo, chinenero cha manja cha Nicaragua chinayamba pamene Nicaragua sukulu yoyamba ya ogontha inatsegulidwa.
Zotsatira
Van Cleve, John V., ed. Gallaudet Encyclopedia ya anthu osamva ndi osamva. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1987.
Groce, Nora E. Aliyense Padziko Lachilankhulo Chamanja Chamanja: Osamva Bwino pa Marthas Wamphesa. Harvard University Press, 1988.