Ngati mutatha kupanga mapulogalamu osamva, zikanakhala bwanji? Aliyense angadziwe mmene angalankhulire m'chinenero chamanja. Kukhala wogontha kungakhale kofala kotero kuti anthu onse sakanafuna maphunziro. Munda Wamphesa wa Marita unalidi malo ngati malo, ndipo ngakhale kukhala chilumba chaching'ono, adagwira nawo ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri yosamva.
Opusa Otopia Anakhalapo Nthawi Imodzi Kuchokera ku Coast Coast
Kamodzi pa nthawi, pamakhala kwenikweni malo omwe angaoneke kuti ndi wogontha osamva.
Chinachitika pachilumba chapadera chomwe chili pamtunda wa Massachusetts, chilumba chotchedwa Martha's Vineyard. Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri amagwirizanitsa Munda wa Mpesa wa Martha ndi nyumba ya ma shark woyera oyera mu filimu ya mafilimu, chilumbachi chinadziwika bwino kwambiri isanafike nthawi ngati chilumba chokhala ndi anthu osamva. Kodi izo zinakhala bwanji?
Anthu ena oyambirira a Munda wa Mpesa anali ndi jini lachinsinsi (malo oyambirira ogontha ogontha anali Jonathan Lambert, 1694), ndipo zaka zoposa zakubadwa, mibadwo yambiri ya ana inakhala ndi kumva . Pa nthawi ina, mmodzi mwa anayi anabadwa wosamva!
Panali anthu ogontha ambiri m'munda wa mpesa (ogontha ambiri ankakhala ku Chilmark) omwe adakhala nawo chinenero cha manja chotchedwa Martha's Language Language (MVSL) kapena Chilmark Sign Language (chomwe chimaoneka kuti chinachokera ku Kent Kent kumwera kwa England. anaganiza kuti MVSL inachititsa kuti Pulogalamu Yachilankhulo ya ku America ikwaniritsidwe pamene anthu a ku Munda Wamphesa adapita ku America School of Deaf ku Hartford, Connecticut.
Zomwe Zinapangitsa Marita Wamphesa Wamphesa Kukhala Wopadera
Tikudziwa kuti pakhala pali malo ena m'mbiri yomwe anthu ambiri anali nako kumva, nanga n'chiyani chinapangitsa Marita Wamphesawo kukhala osiyana kwambiri? Tiyeni tiwone zina mwazimene zinachititsa kuti izi "zisamveke bwino."
Anthu Ambiri Osamva
Ndithudi, kukhala ndi anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi vuto lakumva kunalimbikitsa anthu a Munda Wamphesa wa Martha kuti apititse patsogolo mwayi wogwirizanitsa anthu osamva.
Zithunzi zina zochokera m'munda wa Mpesa wa m'zaka za zana la 19 zimasonyeza kukula kwa osamva. Mu 1817, mabanja awiri anali ndi ogontha, omwe anali ogontha asanu ndi awiri. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, pofika mu 1827 panali osamva 11. Chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha Chigmark chaka cha 1850 chinatchula anthu 171 ogontha 141 m'nyumba, Hammett, Lambert, Luce, Mayhew, Tilton, ndi West. Mu 1855, anali 17 ndi anayi ku Tisbury pafupi. Chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha Chilmark cha 1880 chinali ndi osamva 19 m'mabanja okwana 159. Mabanja atsopano ogontha m'chaka cha 1880 anaphatikiza a Nobles ndi Smiths. Kuti tione izi, poyerekeza ndi dziko la US kumene maulendo osamva anali 1 pafupifupi 6,000, pa Munda Wamphesa unali waukulu kwambiri kuposa 1 mu 155 (1 pa 25 ku Chilmark, ndi 1 mwa 4 ku Chilmark tauni ya Squibnocket ).
Kukula Kwambiri kwa Chinenero Chamanja
Chilankhulo cha manja chinavomerezedwa ku Munda Wamphesa kuti nyuzipepala inadabwa mu 1895 momwe zilankhulo zomwe zinayankhulidwa ndi zosainkhulidwa zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta ndi mosavuta ndi anthu ogontha ndi omva. Anthu akusamukira ku Chilmark adayenera kuphunzira chinenero cha manja kuti akhale m'mudzi. Kumva kunali kofala kwambiri moti anthu ena akumva ankaganiza kuti ndi matenda opatsirana.
Chodziwika, ndikuti wogontha sankaganiziridwa kuti ndi wolumala.
Kusukulu Kwambiri
Pa Munda Wamphesa, ana ogontha amapita kusukulu kwa nthawi yaitali kuposa ana omwe amamva, popeza boma linapereka ndalama zothandizira ana osamva. Izi zinapangitsa kuti ophunzira osamva aphunzire kuwerenga kuposa ophunzira.
Kusintha kwa Anthu Osamva Ambiri
Kukwatirana kwapitirirabe ndipo anthu osamva a Chilmark ndi otsala a Munda Wamphesa anapitiriza kufalitsa. Zikanakhala zikukula ngati sizikukula kwa maphunziro osamva pamtunda. Monga ana amphesa ogontha amapita kusukulu ku chilumba, iwo ankakonda kuthetsa-chilumba, kukwatira okwatirana, ndipo pang'onopang'ono anthu ogontha a Munda wamphesa adakana.
Anthu omaliza ogontha a Munda Wamphesa anamwalira m'zaka za m'ma 1950.
Mabuku ndi Zida Zina
Mbiri ya anthu osamva komanso cholowa chawo , makamaka mbiri ya anthu ogontha ku Munda Wamphesa wa Martha, wasangalatsa akatswiri. Chidwi chimenechi chinapangitsa kuti bukulo likhale lofalitsidwa: Aliyense Padziko Lonse Lapansi la Chinenero Chamanja : Chisumaliro Chaumphawi pa Munda Wamphesa wa Martha . Bukuli likuwoneka kuti ndikumva tanthauzo la Vineyard kudera lina la Kent County ku Britain wotchedwa Weald. Kuwonjezera apo, zinthu zina izi zikupezeka:
- Pepala lofufuzira (mwinamwake pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1990) la Robert Mather ndi Linda McIntosh ku University of Tufts, "Deaf of Martha's Vineyard." Bukuli limatchula nkhani ziwiri za 1981 ku Duke's County Intelligencer, motero "The Island's Hereditary Deaf: A Lesson in Understanding Human," ndi "Chilmark Deaf: Anthu Ofunika Kwambiri." Kuphatikizidwa mu bukuli kunali 1895 Boston Sunday Herald, "Mark of Chilmark, Deaf, ndi Dumb mumudzi wa Squibnocket."
- Tsamba la masamba asanu ndi limodzi la chaka cha 2001, mutu wakuti, "Silent Culture ndi Strong Voice," kuchokera ku Boston University alumni magazine, Bostonia. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwachidule za khama la Joan Poole Nash, yemwe tsopano ndi mphunzitsi wogontha) kulembera zitsanzo za mavidiyo a MVSL omwe adawonetsedwa ndi agogo ake aakazi ndi agogo ake aakazi.
- Mu March 1999, magazini ya Yankee inafalitsa nkhani yakuti, "Chilumba Chotchulidwa Panja."
Pansi pa Ntchito ya Munda Wamphesa wa Marita mu Mbiri Yachisoni
Kuphatikizidwa kwa anthu ogontha ambiri pamodzi ndi nzika zokakamizidwa kunatsogolera ku zikhalidwe zomwe zingatengedwe kuti ndi "osamva zamtendere" pa Munda Wamphesa wa Martha. Zindikirani, ndikuti kupita patsogolo komwe kunachitika kunachitika popanda teknoloji kuti iyankhule ndi anthu angapo (poyerekeza ndi chiwerengero cha anthu onse a US).
Monga momwe zilili ndi kupita patsogolo kwakukulu mu chikhalidwe cha anthu osamva, zotsatira zomwe anthu osakwatira komanso magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu angathe kukhala nawo pakupanga kusiyana kwakukulu zingakhale zazikulu.
Mwina, tifunika kuyang'ana chitsanzo cha Martha Munda wa Mpesa ndi zovuta zambiri komanso zovuta mkhalidwe wathu lero. Monga tanenera pamwambapa, kukhumudwa kwa anthu sankaona kuti ali ndi vuto pa Martha Munda Wamphesa. Sichidawoneke kuti ndi "chinthu chachilendo," komatu m'malo mosiyana ndi umunthu. Kukhala ndi aliyense "amalankhula chinenero chomwecho" kunachepetsa zomwe zingakhale "chilankhulidwe chachinenero" ndipo zinali zopindulitsa kwa onse omwe anali kumva ndi omwe anali ogontha.
Kwa omwe sali osamva kapena osamva komanso osadziwika ndi ASL, phunzirani za momwe mungalankhulire ndi anthu ogontha komanso omvera omwe akuthandizira kuchepetsa "chilankhulo chachinenero" lerolino. Mwinanso mungakonde kulingalira chimodzimodzi mwa magulu ogontha komanso ogontha omvera .
> Zotsatira:
> Groce, N. Aliyense Padziko Lachilankhulidwe Chamanja: Chisumaliro chaumphawi pa Munda Wamphesa wa Martha. Ndemanga ya Buku. Utsiru ndi Maphunziro a Mayiko . 2007. 9: 167-168.
> Kusters, A. Deaf Utopias? Kuwonanso Sociocultural Literature pa World "Martha's Vineyard Solutions". The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education . 2010. 15 (1): 3-16.