Pasanathe chaka chimodzi ku Haiti chitangoyamba chivomezi chachikulu, akuluakulu a zaumoyo padziko lapansi anaona chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri. Anthu ambiri anali kudwala matenda omwe sanaoneke ku Haiti kwa zaka zoposa 100: kolera .
Chivomerezicho chinali chowopsya. Anthu opitirira 230,000 anaphedwa ndipo 1.5 miliyoni anachoka kwawo. Masautsowo anali owonjezeka ndi kuphulika kwa kolera kumene kudzapitirira kudwala pafupifupi 300,000 anthu ndikupha oposa 4,500.
Izi zinali zopweteka-komanso zotetezedwa-koma osati zosayembekezereka.
Ngakhale chiwerengero cha osowa mwachangu ndi chimene chimatchulidwa kawirikawiri pambuyo pa masoka achilengedwe, zochitikazo zingakhale ndi zotsatira zamuyaya, zowononga anthu. Pamene zinthu zowonongeka zimasokonezeka ndipo anthu akuthawa kwawo, zingathetsere mavuto ambiri a thanzi la anthu onse, ndipo kumvetsetsa mavutowa n'kofunika kwambiri kwa oyankha oyamba ndi kuyesera kwachiwiri.
Kutsekula m'mimba
Kuphulika kwa kolera kwa Haiti kunabweretsa mavuto awiri omwe nthawi zambiri amabwera chifukwa cha masoka: madzi osatetezeka komanso kusowa kwaukhondo. Chivomezi cha 2010 chinapangitsa ambiri kuti asakhale ndi madzi aukhondo abwino, kuphatikizapo omwe akugwira ntchito ndi kukhala m'misasa ya United Nations.
Ngakhale kuti sizingatheke kudziwa bwino, lipoti la bungwe la United Nations likusonyeza kuti woyang'anira mtendere anabweretsa kolera komweko ku Haiti, ndipo chifukwa cha kusowa kwaukhondo, mabakiteriya analowa mumtsinje wapafupi, kuwonetsa madzi akumeneko.
Panthawiyo, anthu a ku Haiti omwe anali kumtunda kwa msasawo ankagwiritsa ntchito madzi amtsinje, kumwa, kusamba, ndi kuthirira mbewu. Pamene anthu ambiri adatengako kachilomboka, mabakiteriya ambiri adalowa m'madzi, ndipo mkati mwa miyezi ingapo, dzikoli linali ndi mliri wochuluka.
Pambuyo pa tsoka, kutsuka bwino manja anu kapena kuwiritsa madzi anu kungawoneke ngati kuti mwadzidzidzi, koma madzi oyera ndi ofunikira kuti anthu asapitirire kukula.
Kutsekula m'mimba kumayambitsa kufala kwa madzi m'thupi, makamaka kwa ana aang'ono.
Pamene kuphulika kwa Haiti kunali chifukwa cha kolera, zinthu zambiri zingayambitse kutsekula m'mimba. Magalasi, makina, kapena malo ogulitsa mafakitale angayambitse poizoni kulowa m'madzi osefukira. Ngakhale m'mayiko otukuka monga United States, muyenera kuyesetsa kuteteza kutsekula m'mimba: Sambani m'manja mwathu mutatha kukhudzana ndi madzi osefukira musanadye, musamatsitsire malo omwe madzi osefukira kapena zinthu monga zisudzo-musanazigwiritse ntchito, osasambira kapena anawo azisewera m'madera otentha.
Kuvulala Kwathupi ndi Matenda
Zivomezi, madzi akukwera, ndi mphepo zamkuntho zikhoza kuchititsa mantha mwamsanga, koma kuvulala kungakhoze kuchitika ngakhale masoka achilengedwe asanakhalepo . Mu 2005, mphepo yamkuntho ya Rita sinapangitse ngakhale kugwa kwa anthu ambiri atamwalira panthawi yochoka ku Houston ndi ku Texas. Kuthaŵa mwadzidzidzi kumakhala koopsa, ndipo chiŵerengero chachikulu cha anthu oopsya omwe akupezeka mumzinda waukulu wotuluka mumzindawu chimatsimikiziranso kuti zochitika zina zidzachitika pamsewu. Mwachitsanzo, pa Rita, anthu 23 anaphedwa pamoto umodzi. Misewu yowonjezereka imapanganso ngozi pamene magalimoto amatha kuchepa kapena kusiya.
Gridlock ingachoke kwa anthu otetezeka mu magalimoto awo pamene mkuntho ukugwa.
Mofananamo, kumangirira kapena kugwa kwa mphepo sikungowononga panthawi yozizira. Ngakhalenso pambuyo poti mwambo watha, nyumba zitha kukhala zosakhazikika ndi kugwa maola, masiku, kapena masabata. Izi ndizoona makamaka pakuchitika zivomezi pamene ziphuphu zimangomangirira nyumba zomwe zimadutsa pang'onopang'ono ndipo zimapangitsa ogwira ntchito yopulumutsa kuti apeze ngozi zatsopano.
Kupita kudutsa madzi osefukira madzi kungathandizenso kuvulala kwakukulu. Popanda kuwona kumene mukuyenda kapena kusambira, mukhoza kugwa mumsewu wosaphimbidwa, ulendo wopanda pena, kapena kudula zinthu zakuthwa pansi pa madzi.
Kumeneko kungakhalenso zolengedwa zoopsa kusambira osadziwika pambali panu. Pamene madzi osefukira amachititsidwa ndi mphepo yamkuntho Harvey inagunda Houston m'mwezi wa August 2017, anthu am'deralo adanena kuti akuwona ziboliboli, njoka, komanso mipira ya nyerere zoyaka moto m'madzi osefukira.
Ngakhale ngati kuvulala sikukuwopsyeza moyo panthawiyo, zikhoza kukhala mtsogolo ngati sizikusamalidwa bwino . Koma pochitika zoopsa, madzi oyera ndi mabanki opangira mankhwala ndi kuvala chilonda sangathe kupezeka, ndipo matenda omwe amachititsa amatha kufa. Tetanus, makamaka, ndilo vuto lalikulu chifukwa cha masoka. Mabakiteriya amakhala mu dothi ndi fumbi-zonse zomwe zimathamangitsidwa kapena kutsekedwa m'madzi panthawi yayikulu. Ngati atha kulowa pangozi, akhoza kuvulaza.
Zizindikiro za Tetanus zingathandize kuti izi zisakwaniritsidwe, koma ngati ogwira ntchito zachipatala ndi zinthu zowonongeka zimakhala zochepa, katemera angatenge nsanamira kumalo ovuta kwambiri. Ndicho chifukwa chake ndi kofunika kwambiri kuti mukhale ndi nthawi yomwe mumajambulapo masoka achilengedwe asanamveke.
Matenda Oyankhulana
Nthawi zambiri anthu amatha kuphatikiza pamodzi nthawi za kuwonongeka. Mabanja ndi oyandikana nawo amamanga nyumba zosawonongeka, ndipo anthu othawa kwawo amatha kusonkhanitsa zikwi kumisasa kapena kupereka magawo ogawa. Pamene anthu ambiri ali m'kati pang'ono, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mabakiteriya amatha kupitsidwanso kuchokera mwamsanga.
Izi ndizofunika makamaka pa matenda aakulu opuma monga chimfine ndi chimfine. Ngakhale matenda ambiri opuma amakhala ofatsa, nthawi zina amachititsa kuti zikhale zovuta monga chibayo, makamaka achikulire komanso omwe ali ndi ma chitetezo a mthupi. Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawu timadumpha kuchokera pamtundu wina kudzera m'madzi otsetsereka-kufalikira mwa kupukuta mphuno yothamanga ndi kugwira ntchito yachitsulo, kapena kukokera mkati mwa anthu. Ngati munthu wina akupuma m'magazi kapena atakhudza nkhope yawo atatha kukhudzana ndi dothi, akhoza kutenga kachilomboka. Pamene anthu ambiri ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, amafulumira kufalikira.
Zogona zosavuta zingakhale zovuta makamaka kuphulika kwa mitundu iyi. Izi nthawi zambiri-malo osakhalitsa akhoza kukhala mpweya wokwanira komanso wambirimbiri. Izi, kuphatikizapo zovuta kukhala ndi ukhondo wabwino komanso kusamba m'manja, zingayambitse matenda opatsirana mofulumira.
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti-ngakhale zowopsya ndi zokhumudwitsa-matupi omwe amasiyidwa chifukwa cha masoka achilengedwe amakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha matenda. Popanda kufa chifukwa cha matenda enaake monga kolera kapena ebola, sizikawoneka kuti zikhoza kuyambitsa matenda. Kukhalanso thupi sikuyenera kusokoneza zipangizo kuchokera ku mautumiki opulumutsa moyo komanso chisamaliro chapadera. Komabe, ndizofunika kuti anthu opulumuka apulumuke.
Matenda opatsirana ndi Vector
Matenda ena safalitsidwa kuchokera kwa munthu, koma m'malo mwake amafalikira kudzera muzilonda, monga udzudzu. Zochitika zam'mlengalenga, monga kusefukira kwa madzi, mvula yamkuntho ndi mphepo zamkuntho, zimatha kusambitsa malo ena obala omwe amachititsa kuti ziphuphu ziwonongeke. Izi zikhoza kuwonjezera kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa anthu okhala ndi vector ndipo, kenako, kuphulika kwa matenda omwe amanyamula. Pankhani ya udzudzu, izi zikhoza kutanthauza kupweteka kwa matenda monga malungo kapena fever fever .
Ngakhale mayiko ambiri ali ndi njira zowonongolera udzudzu pogwiritsa ntchito kuyesera kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo, masoka achilengedwe angasokoneze mautumikiwa, osasiya makina kuti abereke osatsegulidwa. Izi ndi zoona ngakhale m'mayiko otukuka monga United States, kumene matenda opatsirana ndi magetsi monga West Nile akhoza kutha pambuyo pa kusefukira kwa madzi kapena mvula yambiri.
Zika HIV, makamaka, ikudetsa nkhaŵa zotsatira za nyengo zakuthambo, chifukwa zakhudzana ndi zilema zobadwa ndi zina zokhudzana ndi mimba. Madzudzu omwewo ali ndi kachilombo ka dengue ndi West Nile angatumizenso Zika, ndipo zamoyozi zapezeka m'madera ambiri a United States ndi padziko lonse lapansi.
Pamene ziphuphu za Zika zakhala zikusowa kwambiri ku United States, kusefukira kwamkuntho-monga zomwe zinachitika ku Houston pambuyo pa mphepo yamkuntho Harvey mu 2017-zikhoza kuchititsa malo ena makamaka omwe ali pachiopsezo ku kachilombo kofalitsa monga umoyo wa udzudzu ukuwonjezeka ndi anthu obwerera kwawo kuchokera kumadera ena.
Makhalidwe Amaganizo Amaganizo
Mkuntho wa Katrina utatha, New Orleanians anakumana ndi mavuto ambiri. Kuwonongeka kwa ndalama zokwana madola 100 biliyoni kunachitikira nyumba ndi malonda, zikwi zinasamukira kwawo, ndipo anthu 1,836 anafa. Ngakhale kuti kuvulaza kwapadera kumeneku kunali kochititsa mantha, zotsatira za matenda amtima zinatenga nthawi yaitali kuti zimvetse.
Kusokonezeka kwakukulu ndi zoopsa zomwe opulumuka masoka achilengedwe angakhale nazo zimakhala ndi zotsatira za nthawi yaitali. Zinthu monga nkhawa, kupsinjika maganizo, ndi matenda osokonezeka maganizo pambuyo pake zingakhale zovuta kuti zithetse vuto la tsoka - ngati, ngakhale atapezeka kuti ali ndi vutoli chifukwa cha mavuto a zaumoyo ndi mavuto azachuma. Pamene zikhalidwezi zisapitilidwe, zingakhudzidwe kwambiri pa thanzi ndi moyo.
Izi sizowona osati kwa iwo omwe adakumana ndi zovuta podzipangira okha, komanso kwa osowa omwe amathandizira kuchira. Othandizira othandizira odwala amamva kupwetekedwa mtima, kupwetekedwa mtima, ndi mitundu ina ya maganizo a maganizo pamlingo wapamwamba kusiyana ndi anthu onse.
Mawu Ochokera
Izi sizikutanthauza mndandanda wambiri. Zinthu zina zachilengedwe-monga nkhungu za nkhungu m'mabwinja ndi Legionella mabakiteriya poima madzi kapena akasupe-zingayambitse matenda opuma. Mavuto monga matenda a mtima ndi shuga akhoza kuwonjezeka kapena kukula chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mankhwala kapena chithandizo chamankhwala chokwanira. Kuwonjezeka kwa chiwawa kungabwereke, makamaka kwa ana ndi abwenzi apakhomo. Ndipo zina zoipa zambiri zimabwera ngati mwachindunji kapena mwachindunji chifukwa cha tsoka.
Izi zikunenedwa, mndandanda uwu sikutanthauza kukuopsezani. Kuzindikira ndikofunika kwambiri popewera. Zoopsa za umoyo monga zapamwamba zingathe kugwera pansi pazidzidzidzi pakutha tsoka, monga zosowa mwamsanga monga malo ogona ndi chitetezo amayamba kukumana. Kumvetsetsa zoopsa zomwe zingakhalepo zingathandize inu, banja lanu, ndi dera lanu kuti mukonzekere bwino zochitika zowonongeka komanso kuti mupulumutsidwe mofulumira pambuyo pochitika-ndipo pochita zimenezi, pitirizani kuwononga nambala zachitukuko kuchokera pamwamba.
> Zotsatira:
> Zolinga za Kuletsa ndi Kuteteza Matenda. Madzi, Kusungirako Zosamba, ndi Ukhondo (WASH) -kugwirizana ndi Mavuto ndi Kuphulika.
> Jafari N, Shahsanai A, Memarzadeh M, Loghmani A. Kupewa matenda opatsirana pambuyo pa tsoka: Kuwunika. Journal of Research in Scientific Medical: The Official Journal ya Isfahan University of Medical Sciences . 2011; 16 (7): 956-962.
> Nkhondo SC, Brown BJ. Momwe Masoka Achilengedwe Akuyendera: Kuyankha kwaumoyo kwa anthu onse. Mayankho a Zowonongeka 2005; 3: 41-7
> Watson JT, Gayer M, Connolly MA. Miliri pambuyo pa Masoka Achilengedwe. Matenda Ochepetsa Matenda . 2007; 13 (1): 1.