Ku United States, ma ambulansi ali ndi othandizira opaleshoni , opaleshoni yachipatala ( EMT s ), kapena onse awiri. Si ambulansi yonse yomwe imayankha maulendo ofulumira okwana 911 ndipo nthawi zambiri, ma ambulansi omwe sali ofulumira ali ndi ma EMTs awiri ndipo palibe opaleshoni.
EMTs ndi odwala matenda opatsirana pogonana ndi zigawo ziwiri zosiyana zopezera chisamaliro chomwecho.
EMTs amaphunzira maziko a zipangizo ndi luso lomwe maphunziro opereka chithandizo amatha kumangapo. Koma musalole kuti kupititsa patsogolo kukupusitseni. Maluso a EMT ndi ofunikira kwambiri monga a achipatala. Inde, wodwala matenda opatsirana pogonana ndi mmodzi yemwe samayiwala kuti azichita zofunikira.
Thandizo loyamba pa moyo
Ogwira ntchito zachipatala mwadzidzidzi amaphunzitsidwa kupereka zofunika pamoyo. Ndilo tsoka chifukwa zofunikira sizimapereka ngongole ku luso lopulumutsa moyo lomwe EMTs ayenera kulidziwa. Kawirikawiri, mu chithandizo chamankhwala chodzidzimutsa, maphunziro ofunikira kwambiri ndi ofunika kwambiri populumutsa miyoyo. CPR, monga chitsanzo, ndiyo njira yamankhwala yofunikira kwambiri imene aliyense angatenge, koma ndithudi ndi luso lofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense wothandizira zaumoyo.
Thandizo lachikhalidwe choyamba ndilo likulu la ambulansi onse ku US Ngati ambulansi ikuyendetsa wodwala, pali msilikali kumbuyo kwa ambulansi yemwe wodwalayo akupereka chithandizo chofunikira kapena chamtsogolo.
Chokhachokha pa lamulo ili ndizosachitika kawirikawiri zoyendetsa zoyendetsa zosamalidwa bwino (CCT) kapena magulu othandiza osamalidwa (SCT). Osachepera limodzi mwa amodzi pa ambulansi onse mumsewu amagwiritsa ntchito magulu apadera oti asamalire odwala kuchoka ku chipatala china kupita kuchipatala. Magulu amenewa akhoza kukhala ndi anamwino, madokotala, opaleshoni yopuma, kapena kuphatikiza zonsezi pamodzi ndi EMTs kapena othandizira.
Kusiyana pakati pa chithandizo cha moyo wapamwamba ndi chamtsogolo (ALS) chikusintha nthawi zonse, kotero ndi kovuta kuti mufotokoze molondola BLS. Lamulo limodzi la thumbu ndiloti ngati njirayi imaphatikizapo singano kapena ngati chubu imadutsa pammero, sizomwe zimapangidwira moyo. Pali zipangizo zina zowunika zomwe zimachokera ku BLS zochitika, monga electrocardiograms (ECGs).
Kodi EMTs Amaphunzira Chiyani?
Kuti timvetse bwino zomwe moyo wothandiza (BLS) uli, tiyeni tiwone mwachidule maluso omwe EMT imaphunzira:
- Kuyezetsa Odwala : EMT iyenera kuphunzira kufufuza odwala komanso kuzindikira zizindikiro za matenda omwe akuwopsyeza moyo. EMTs amaphunzira kupeza mbiri ndikuyesera. Izi zimakhala maziko a kuyesedwa kwa EMT komanso kafukufuku wamaphunziro kwa a EMTs amene amayamba kukhala opaleshoni.
- Kuyenda kwa ndege : Imodzi mwa njira zofunika kwambiri zopezera moyo ndiyo njira ya kupuma . EMTs amaphunzira kusunga wodwalayo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zogwiritsira ntchito ndege (zipangizo zomwe zimathandiza kuti lilime lisatuluke, pomwe mpweya umalowa mu trachea) komanso kuyamwa kuchotsa zobisika ndi zinthu zakunja kummero. Amaphunziranso kupuma mpweya pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya komanso nthawi zina mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala monga albuterol kumadalira boma kapena tawuni komwe EMT ikugwira ntchito.
- Splinting : Chovomerezeka cha EMT chinalengedwa zaka zambiri asanakhale opatsirana pogonana. Kulimbikitsidwa koyambitsa EMTs kunachokera ku kugunda kwa magalimoto akuluakulu m'zaka za m'ma 1960. Kusokonezeka chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa galimoto kunathandiza kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro omwe anali amisiri okha. Kupanda malire kwachinyengo kunali mbali yaikulu ya maphunziro.
- Bandaging : Kuphatikizana ndi kupasuka kwazaza kumabweretsa mabala otseguka . Njira zofanana zovulaza zomwe zimathyola mafupa zimathetsanso khungu loyera ndi minofu. EMTs ayenera kudziwa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito bwino.
- Kulanditsa Ana : Zodziwika kuti ma ambulansi amaitanidwira kwa amayi ogwira ntchito, kunali kofunika kuti adziwe choti achite akafika kumeneko. Pankhani ya luso lotha kulandira chithandizo pa nthawi yobereka, pali zochepa zomwe amaphunzira kuposa zowonjezera za maphunziro a EMT.
Izi ndizo luso labwino ndipo silinasinthe kuchokera pamene EMTs adalengedwa. Mu 1996, maphunziro othandizira akatswiri azachipatala (omwe amadziwika kuti ndi odziwa zachipatala) amalembedwa ndi National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mukhale ozindikira mukakumbukira mgwirizano pakati pa EMTs ndi galimoto. ngozi.
Pakhala pali zinthu zochepa zomwe zawonjezeka pa zaka (mndandanda watsopano wa maulendo opatsirana a zachipatala unatuluka pakati pa 2005-2009), kuphatikizapo mankhwala monga albuterol, epinephrine, naloxone, ndi nitroglycerin. Chosiyana kwambiri ndi "palibe singano" ulamuliro wa thumbamwamba pamwamba ndi ntchito epinephrine ndi naloxone. Mankhwalawa amaperekedwa kudzera mu jekeseni. Nthaŵi zambiri, EMTs amagwiritsira ntchito injini zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti munthu azigwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mankhwala ena osati oxygen ndi shuga loperekedwa pamlomo (shuga wosavuta kwambiri woperekedwa kwa odwala omwe ali ndi hypoglycemia) sungakhale konsekonse. Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa chigawo kulipo m'ma EMT komanso m'mayiko ena a zamaphunziro.
Kukhala ofesi ya EMT
Dziko lililonse lili ndi malamulo ndi malamulo omwe akutsogolera maphunziro ndi odziwa zachipatala. Ambiri amatsata National Emergency Medical Services Education Standards yofalitsidwa ndi NHTSA. Miyezo ikuwonetsa kuti maphunziro a EMT adzatenga pakati pa maola 150-190. Ambiri ambiri ali ndi maola ochepa omwe amafotokozedwa mu lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, California, imafuna kuti maola 120 a EMT adziwe maola angapo, osachepera pansi pa chiwerengero cha dziko. Mapulogalamu akhoza kutenga nthawi yayitali kuposa, ndithudi.
Pomwe maphunzirowa athetsedwa, woyimilira wa EMT ayenera kupititsa mayeso ovomerezeka. M'madera onse koma anayi (New York, Wyoming, Illinois, ndi North Carolina), wopemphayo adzalandira kafukufuku wophunzitsidwa ndi National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians (NREMT). M'mayiko amenewo, kuyesedwa kudzaperekedwa ndi boma ndipo malamulo adzakhala osiyana kuposa momwe tafotokozera apa.
Mukamaliza kufufuza, wopemphayo atsimikiziridwa ndi NREMT. Zomwe zikuchitika pambuyo pake zimadalira boma, koma kawirikawiri, EMT, yemwenso amadziwika ndi NREMT, amapereka chiphaso cha NREMT ku ofesi ya EMS yothandizira boma (sitidzatha kukangana pa chilolezo chovomerezedwa apa). Dipatimenti ya boma ndi certification ya NREMT ndi yabwino kwa zaka ziwiri. Kubwezeretsa kumakhala kovuta, ndipo kawirikawiri kumafuna nthawi yopitiliza maphunziro. Mayiko ambiri samapangitsa EMT kusunga chidziwitso chake cha NREMT pambuyo pake.
EMTs Kuchokera ku State kupita ku State
Ngati muli ndi chidziwitso cha NREMT chamakono, muli ndi mbali yofunikira kwambiri yosuntha chilolezo chanu kuchokera ku dziko lina kupita ku lina. Kawirikawiri, komabe, sikokwanira. Mayiko ambiri ali ndi zofunikira zowonjezereka kuti musamalole kuti mukhale ndi chilolezo, ngakhale mutakhala ovomerezeka kale.
Ndizovuta ndipo palibe njira yothetsera zonse. Malangizo abwino kwambiri ndikutumiza maofesi a EMS ku boma kumene mukupita. Pezani mndandanda wa zinthu zomwe muyenera kuchita ndikuonetsetsa kuti mwapindula mabokosi onse.
Kodi EMTs Simudziwa Bwanji Kusukulu (Kawirikawiri)
Ophunzira azachipatala akudzidzidwa amaphunzitsidwa kusamalira odwala pa tsiku loipitsitsa (mwina lomalizira) la moyo wa wodwalayo. Koma izi si zomwe EMTs ambiri ati adzachite pamene potsirizira pake adzatsirizidwa ndikukwera mu ambulansi kwa nthawi yoyamba. Ambiri a EMTs sadzapita kudutsa m'misewu yowopsya ndi kulira kwa misozi ndi magetsi akuwomba, kuti adzalanda wodwala wodwala ku mitsempha ya imfa nthawi yomweyo.
Ambiri a EMTs adzayendetsa galimotoyo mofulumira masiku awiri kuchokera kuchipatala komwe adatengedwera panthawi yozizira kuchipatala kumene amatsiriza kuchira. Ndicho chenicheni cha kayendetsedwe ka ambulansi: ma ambulansi ambiri sagwiritsidwa ntchito pazidzidzidzi.
Maphunziro a EMT amathera nthawi pang'ono. ngati kulikonse, kuphunzitsa ofuna EMT kukhala luso lenileni lomwe lidzawapindulitse zaka zoyambirira za ntchito zawo: chifundo, chifundo, ndi kuyankhulana, kungotchula pang'ono.
Maluso odzidzimutsa ndi ofunika kwambiri, mosasamala kanthu kuti EMT ikufulumira kuimbira 911 kapena kuyendetsa interfacility transfers. Inde, odwala omwe akudwala kwambiri EMT yatsopano adzakhala ndi chisamaliro chake ndi omwe akutenga kuchipatala kupita kuchipatala. Ngati chinachake chikuchitika panthawi yoyendetsa, EMT iyenera kuwona ndikuchitapo kanthu.
Maluso a kukonzanso nthawi yomwe ikuwoneka kuti "ntchito" nthawi zonse sichimalimbikitsidwa mu mapulogalamu omwe amaphunzitsidwa. EMTs amaphunzitsidwa kufika, kufufuza, kuchiza, kutengerako, kutsuka, ndi kubwereza. Kaŵirikaŵiri samapeza chitsogozo cha momwe angagwiritsire ntchito odwala omwe amafunikira kuyang'anitsitsa nthawi zonse, nthawi zina kwa maola pa nthawi yopita.
Kukonzekera EMTs kwa dziko lenileni, nkofunika kuti tiwapatse zipangizo za ntchito zomwe iwo akuchita. Monga woyendetsa ndege pa ndege, amayenera kukhala okonzekera zosayembekezereka, koma ayeneranso kudziwa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito munthu wamba popanda kusamala.
> Zotsatira:
> Davis CS, Southwell JK, Niehaus VR, Walley AY, Dailey MW. Thandizo lachipatala cha nalxone: kupeza ndondomeko yowonongeka mwalamulo. Acad Emerg Med . 2014 Oct; 21 (10): 1173-7. lembani: 10.1111 / acem.12485.
> Dipatimenti ya US Department of Transportation / National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2009). Ndondomeko za Maphunziro a Zaumoyo Zachipatala. Washington, DC.
> Dipatimenti ya US Department of Transportation / National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2009). Malamulo a Maphunziro a Zaumoyo a Zamankhwala a National Emergency: Odzidzidzidwa Ogwira Ntchito Zamankhwala Odzidziwitsa . Washington, DC.
> Dipatimenti ya US Department of Transportation / National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2005). Zambiri Zokhudzana ndi EMS. Washington, DC.
> Dipatimenti ya US Department of Transportation / National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2007). Nyuzipepala ya National EMS yachitsanzo. Washington, DC.