Kuwopsa kwa zakudya kumakhala kofala kwambiri, ndipo pafupifupi 8% mwa ana ndi 5% a akulu omwe akudwala zakudya zochepa. Zingakhale zovuta kuti anthu asapezeke chakudya chawo, ndipo kuwonetsa mwadzidzidzi kumakhala kosavuta kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chifuwa cha zakudya. Komabe, bungwe la US Food Allergen Labeling ndi Consumer Protection Act la 2004 ( FALCPA ) linkafuna kuti zolemba za zakudya zikhale ndi zakudya zisanu ndi zitatu zokhazokha zomwe zimapezeka mu zakudya zowonjezedwa, monga dzira, mkaka, soya, tirigu, mtedza, mtedza, nsomba, ndi nkhono .
Ngakhale lamuloli ndi lothandiza kuti anthu adziwone zakudya zomwe zili ndi chakudya chobisika, vuto lina liripo. Mankhwala omwe ali ndi mapuloteni odyetsa omwe angabweretse mavuto .
Zakudya zamagetsi zili ndi zinthu zokhazokha, zomwe zimakhala zosafunikira zomwe zimapangidwira kuti zitheke ndikupanga mankhwala. Ambiri odzola ndiwo zakudya zomwe zingayambitse anthu ena kuti azidya zakudya. Chotsatira chake, anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi zakudya zolimbitsa thupi nthawi zambiri amapewa mankhwala ena chifukwa choopa chakudya chobisika chimene chimachititsa kuti asamayende bwino. Zotsatirazi ndi mndandanda wa zowonjezera zakudya zowonjezera ndi mankhwala okhudzana ndi mankhwala oyenera:
Mazira
Mankhwala ena amagwiritsa ntchito dzira la lecithin monga excipient, yomwe ili ndi mapuloteni a dzira. Komabe, zomwe zimachitika ku dzira la lecithin sizowoneka mwa anthu omwe ali ndi mayendedwe a dzira.
Mitsempha yotuluka m'madzi imakhala ndi dzira ndi lecithin ya soya, ndipo zotsatira zowonongeka zimayambitsidwa ndi gawo la soya m'malo mwa mapuloteni a dzira. Propofol ndi mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito opaleshoni pamene akuchitidwa opaleshoni ndipo amadziwika bwino chifukwa choyambitsa matenda. Ngakhale propofol ili ndi mapuloteni a soya ndi dzira, anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi mazira amatha kulandira mankhwalawo mosavuta.
Kuyezetsa khungu kungapangidwe kwa propofol ya anthu amene asokonezeka chifukwa cha kumwa mankhwalawa.
Nsomba
Protamine imapezeka ku salmon testes ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito monga mankhwala okhudzana ndi insulini komanso njira yothetsera heticin zotsatira za anticoagulant. Ngakhale anthu atalandira mankhwala otchedwa protamine, anthu omwe ali ndi nsomba siziwoneka ngati ali pachiopsezo chachikulu. Anthu omwe ali ndi nsomba zotere amatha kulandira mankhwala omwe amakhala ndi protamine. Mafuta a nsomba amagwiritsidwa ntchito popatsa omega-3 fatty acids kwambiri kuti ateteze matenda a mtima . Chifukwa chakuti mafuta a nsomba amayeretsedwa, alibe mapuloteni a nsomba ndipo amatha kutengedwa mwachangu kwa anthu okhala ndi nsomba.
Gelatin
Gelatin imapezeka kuchokera ku ziweto zogwirizana ndi ng'ombe ndi nkhumba ndipo imakhala ndi mapuloteni ochokera ku zinyamazi. Zomwe zimachitika ku gelatin zimakhala zachilendo, makamaka mankhwala opatsiridwa ndi katemera. Mapiritsi ndi makapulisi omwe ali ndi gelatin sizimayambitsa matenda omwe amachititsa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la gelatin. Ma suppositories ali ndi capsules a gelatin amadziwika kuti amachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi matenda a gelatin. Erythropoietin kulowetsedwa komwe kuli ndi gelatin kungayambitse anthu odwala gelatin zovuta.
Mapulaneti a Gelfoam amasiya kuika magazi pa nthawi yopaleshoni, ali ndi gelatin ndipo agwirizanitsidwa ndi zotsatira zowonongeka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la gelatin. Gelatin imapezeka m'mitundu yambiri yamadzimadzi amadziwika bwino chifukwa amachititsa kuti anthu asagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi gelatin, ngakhale kuti izi sizigwiritsidwa ntchito ku United States.
Mkaka
Ambiri omwe ali ndi mkaka wodwala mkaka alibe zotsatira zowonongeka chifukwa cha kumwa mankhwala omwe ali ndi mapuloteni ochepa a mkaka. Choncho, mankhwalawa amatha kutengedwa mosamala kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mkaka. Mankhwalawa amaphatikizapo ma probiotics, a lactose okhala ndi asthma inhalers (monga Advair Diskus , Flovent Diskus, Pulmicort Flexhaler ndi Asmanex), ndipo lactose imapezeka mu methylprednisolone jekeseni ( corticosteroid ).
Mitundu ina ya mankhwala a kalasi ya lactose ndi mamolekyu okhudzana ndi kawirikawiri sakhala oipitsidwa ndi mapuloteni a mkaka, ngakhale kuti akhoza kukhala ndi vuto loyambitsa matenda kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mkaka.
Peanut
Mafuta a mandimu amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu dimercaprol , makapule a progesterone, ndi ma capsules a valproic . Chifukwa mafuta odzola amatsukidwa, alibe mapuloteni a mapeni ndipo sangayambitse anthu omwe ali ndi nthendayi.
Pine Nut
Mtedza wa pine ndi wochokera ku mitengo ya paini, yomwe imachokera ku rosin, yomwe imatchedwanso colophony. Rosin imagwiritsidwa ntchito monga mavitamini a dzino, ngakhale kuti samawoneka kuti amachititsa chidwi kwa anthu omwe ali ndi pine nut zowopsa. Rosin / colophony amadziwika kuti amachititsa munthu kukhudzana ndi dermatitis kwa anthu ena, koma izi sizikanachitika mwa anthu zokhazokha zowonongeka ndi mtedza wa pine.
Sesame Mbeu
Mankhwala ambiri ali ndi mafuta a zitsamba, ngakhale kuti mankhwala oyeza mankhwala a sesame alibe mankhwala a sesame, mosiyana ndi mafuta a shuga a sesame, omwe amatero. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mankhwala omwe ali ndi mafuta a siseame, monga progesterone ya jekeseni , ayenera kukhala otetezeka kwa anthu okhala ndi sesame zovuta.
Nsomba za Nsomba
Glucosamine amachokera ku zipolopolo za shellfish, zomwe zafotokozedwa ndi anthu ang'onoang'ono omwe amachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi vutoli. Komabe, kafukufuku wambiri akufufuza anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi nthendayi zowonetsa kuti glucosamine inali yotetezeka. Iodini , yomwe ilipo mu shellfish ndi utoto wamkati (IV dye), sichigwirizana ndi zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kudya nsomba kapena kulandira utoto wa IV.
Soy
Soy imapezeka m'mamwayi ambiri koma sichimachititsa kuti anthu azisokonezeka. Loyinayi la mankhwalawa limapezeka mu inhalers , makamaka mitundu imeneyi yogwiritsira ntchito COPD, monga Combivent ndi Atrovent . Pakhala pali malipoti a anthu ogwiritsa ntchito inhalers ndikukumana ndi zizindikiro zowonjezereka za kupuma, koma sizinatsimikizidwe kuti anthu amenewo anali osakwanira kwa soya ndipo lecithin ya soya mu inhaler inali vuto. Mafuta a mafuta amapezeka m'matulumasi omwe amapezeka m'magulu onse omwe ali ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana (TPN), omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa odwala odwala omwe sangathe kudya. Ngakhale kuti zochitika zowopsa zakhala zikuchitika ndi TPN, siziyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti izi zinali chifukwa cha zowononga za soya. Amphotericin C ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda opatsirana ndi odwala odwala kwambiri. Soy phosphatidylcholine amapanga gawo la mafuta la mankhwala omwe amalola kuti alowe ndi kupha bowa. Mankhwalawa amatsutsa amphotericin B, ngakhale kuti izi sizinayambe zatsutsidwa pa soy allergies.
Chitsime:
Kelso JM. Zotheka Zakudya Zowonjezera M'madokotala. J Zachilombo Zamtundu wa Immunol. 2014; 133: 1509-18.