Kodi mumalankhulana bwanji ndi munthu amene sangathe kulankhula kapena kugwiritsa ntchito chinenero chamanja? Anthu ambiri okhala ndi autism amagwiritsa ntchito makadi a chithunzi. Kaya ndi odulidwa m'magazini, osindikizidwa kuchokera ku CD, kapena kugulidwa monga makadi, zithunzi zapadera zimapereka anthu ovomerezeka kuti athe kulankhulana, zofuna, ngakhale malingaliro popanda kufunikira chinenero cholankhulidwa.
Popeza anthu ambiri pa autism amawoneka mozama, zimakhala zomveka kuyamba kuyamba kuyankhulana ndi mafano. Chofunika kwambiri, mafano ndi njira yolankhulirana ndi anthu onse ndipo amamvetsetsa ndi achilendo kapena anzako achinyamata monga makolo kapena othandizira.
Ndondomeko Yowonetsera Kusintha kwa Zithunzi (PECS)
Pakati pa gulu la autism, mawu akuti PECS (omwe amatchulidwa kuti "pex") ali ofanana ndi makadi a chithunzi a mtundu uliwonse. Ndipo, monga "kleenex" yafika kutanthawuza chinthu chimodzimodzi monga "minofu," PECS yatha kutengapo mbali zambiri. Koma PECS kwenikweni ndi pulogalamu ya Pyramid Educational Products, bungwe laling'ono lomwe linakhazikitsidwa m'ma 1980 ndi Lori Frost ndi Andrew Bondy.
Zamakina a Pyramid amapanga makadi ochuluka a makadi, ngakhale kuti palibe mafano aakulu kwambiri omwe alipo. Amapanganso mabuku ofotokozedwa kuti azisunga zithunzi zozunzirako; koma, kachiwiri, izi sizinthu zokongola kwambiri kapena zowonjezera makhadi ojambula pamsika .
Chofunika kwambiri pa filosofi ya PECS si makadi a chithunzi kapena eni ake, koma makamaka njira zomwe ana osalankhula (ndi akulu) amaphunzitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito makadi awa. Patapita nthawi, funsani omwe amapanga PECS (ndipo zonena zawo zimathandizidwa ndi zochitika ndi kufufuza), ana omwe amagwiritsa ntchito PECS kumanga luso lolankhulana momasuka.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ana ambiri amapezanso chinenero chofunika kwambiri.
Njira ya PECS
Ngati mutasankha kugwiritsa ntchito PECS (mosiyana ndi kungopereka makhadi ojambula chithunzi ngati chida cholankhulirana) muyenera kuphunzitsidwa kudzera m'zinthu za Pyramid. Pulogalamu yawo yophunzitsira ikukonzekeretsani kuti mugwire ntchito ndi wophunzira kudzera mu magawo asanu ndi limodzi:
- Mu Gawo 1, wophunzitsa (ndiwe) amagwira ntchito ndi wophunzira komanso omusamalira kuti adziwe zomwe zingamulimbikitse wophunzirayo (mpira, toyitanidwa, chakudya, etc.). Makhadi apangidwa chithunzithunzi chomwe cholimbikitsa chinthucho ndi awiri a ophunzira amathandiza wophunzira kuzindikira kuti, pogwiritsa ntchito khadi, akhoza kupeza chinthu chofunika.
- Mu Gawo lachiwiri, wophunzitsa amachoka kutali ndi wophunzirayo, kuti wophunzira athe kubwera kwa wophunzitsa ndikupereka khadi. Izi ndi phunziro la luso la moyo pakufunafuna ndi kupeza chidwi cha munthu wina.
- Gawo lachitatu limafuna ophunzira kuti azisankha pakati pa zithunzi zambiri pamene akupempha chinthu. Kwa ophunzira ena izi ndi zophweka, kwa ena, ndizovuta. Ophunzira ena amaphunzira bwino ndi zithunzi, ndi ena omwe ali ndi zithunzi zojambulidwa zomwe zikuyang'ana maonekedwe a chinthu.
- Gawo lachinayi limayambitsa ophunzira pakukonza ziganizo kudzera mu "zigawo zolemba." M'malo mwa chithunzi chimodzi, akhoza kusiya "Ndikufuna" kuyambira pamzere kuti apange chiganizo: "Ndikufuna mpira."
- Gawo lachisanu limatsutsa ophunzira kuti apange mafunso pogwiritsa ntchito ziganizo, ziyambi, ndi zithunzi.
- Mu Gawo lachisanu ndi chimodzi, ophunzira amaphunzitsidwa kupereka ndemanga pa dziko lozungulira iwo poyankha mafunso monga "Mukumva chiyani?" "mukuwona chiyani?" Amaphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito zolemba ("mpira wobiriwira") ndi chinenero chovuta kwambiri.
Njira yophunzirira imeneyi ingatenge milungu, miyezi, kapena zaka kuti ithe. Ponseponse, ophunzira akulimbikitsidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito PECS m'malo osiyanasiyana komanso ndi osiyana nawo.
Nchifukwa chiyani PECS?
Kuyankhulana pamaganizo kuli pafupi kwambiri. Zonse zomwe mukufunikira ndi magazini odzaza zithunzi, lumo, pepala lolepheretsa komanso velcro.
Komiti ya PECS, ikhoza kukhala yotsika mtengo: madola mazana angapo pa maphunziro oyambirira, mazana ambiri pa zokambirana zopitilira, ndi zina zotero. Kodi ndizofunika?
Malingana ndi Zida Zamapiramidi, kusiyana pakati pa njira ya PECS ndi kulankhulana kosavuta kujambula ndi kwakukulu. Chofunika koposa, kusiyana ndi kupereka ophunzira kuti akhale ndi zida zoyankhulirana mwadzidzidzi komanso mwaulere. Kuphatikiza pa kupanga kuyankhulana kophweka, ndondomeko ikhozanso:
- Kuchepetsa makhalidwe oipa omwe amayamba chifukwa cha zokhumudwitsa;
- Kuwonjezera kupezeka kwa kuphunzira ndi kuyanjana;
- Kuonjezera chiyanjano ndi kuyandikana ;
- Kulankhulana ndi chilankhulo cholankhula (izi sizikutanthauza zotsatira za PECS, koma zikuwoneka kuti zikuchitika ngati kuwonjezeka kwa PECS).
Zotsatira:
Frost, L. & Bondy, A. (2006). Chiyankhulo Chofanana: Kugwiritsira ntchito BF Skinner's Verbal Behavior for Assessment ndi Chithandizo cha Olemala Kulankhulana ku SLP-ABA. Journal of Speech - Language Pathology ndi Applied Behavior Analysis. 1, 103-110.
> Ruth Anne Rehfeldt ndi Shannon L. Root (2005). Kukhazikitsa luso lofunsidwa kuchokera kwa anthu akuluakulu omwe ali ndi zilema zolepheretsa kukula. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 38, 101-105.
Yokoyama, K., Naoi, N., & Yamamoto, J. (2006). Kuphunzitsa khalidwe la mawu pogwiritsira ntchito Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) ndi ana omwe ali ndi matenda a autistic spectrum. Magazini a Japanese of Education Special, 43, 485-503.