Kodi Nonismal Autism N'chiyani?

Pafupifupi theka la anthu omwe ali ndi autism amagwiritsira ntchito chinenero chochepa kapena chopanda pake

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa University of Boston, pafupifupi 30 peresenti ya anthu omwe amapezeka ndi matenda a autism spectrum "samaphunzira kulankhula mawu ochepa chabe." Vuto losavomerezeka silifufuza mozama, ndipo pang'ono amadziwika ndi njira zomwe anthu amaganiza. Komabe, kufufuza kwina kukupitirira, ndipo matelogalamu atsopano akutsegula zitseko za kulankhulana ndi kumvetsetsa.

Kodi Nonismal Autism N'chiyani?

Pafupifupi theka la anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito autism samagwiritsa ntchito chinenero kapena mawu ochepa chabe. Anthu onsewa akhoza kufotokozedwa ngati kuti alibe autism. Komabe mawu oti "nonverbal autism" alibe udindo, ndipo palibe chomwe chimatchedwa "autism". Mwa zina, ndi chifukwa palibe mzere woonekera pakati pa mawu ndi anthu osalankhula ndi autism. Mwachitsanzo:

• Anthu ena omwe ali ndi autism osalankhula amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mau ochepa mwachindunji koma sangathe kupitiriza kukambirana. Mwachitsanzo, akhoza kunena kuti "galimoto" kutanthauza "tiyeni tipite kukwera," koma sitingathe kuyankha funso lakuti "tipite kuti?"
• Anthu ena "osalankhula" amatha kulankhula koma sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito chinenero m'njira yopindulitsa. Anthu awa akhoza "kulemba" malemba kuchokera ku televizioni kapena mawu omwe aphunzitsidwa ndi opaleshoni. Mmalo mogwiritsa ntchito malembawa kuti azilankhulana malingaliro kapena zilakolako, komabe, zikuwoneka kuti amagwiritsa ntchito "kulembera" ngati mawonekedwe a kudzikweza.

• Anthu ochepa chabe omwe sagwiritsa ntchito mawu sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito chinenero cholankhulidwa bwino koma amatha kulankhula ndi chinenero cholembedwa kapena choyimiridwa, chinenero chamanja cha ku America, makadi a chithunzi , kapena makina olankhulana ndi digito. Kamodzi pamene munthu akuyankhula momasuka, ngakhale popanda kulankhula chinenero, kuthekera kwawo kuti achite mu dziko kumawonjezeka modabwitsa.

Kodi Kutaya Mawu Kumatanthauza Kupanda Nzeru?

Aliyense amene amalandira chiwerengero cha IQ cha makumi asanu ndi awiri kapena kuposerapo pa mayesero apadera amalembedwa kuti Intellectually Disabled (ID). Mpaka pano posachedwa, ankaganiza kuti ana onse osakhulupirira omwe ali ndi autism anali opunduka nzeru chifukwa chakuti ziwerengero zawo za IQ zidagwa pansi (nthawi zambiri).

Zaka zaposachedwapa, zakhala zikuonekeratu kuti mayesero a IQ ndizovuta kwambiri poyesa luso la nzeru kwa ana omwe ali ndi autism makamaka makamaka ngati anawo ali opanda pake. Zifukwa zake ziri zomveka; Mwachitsanzo:

1. Mayeso a IQ, makamaka mbali, amadalira mphamvu ya woyesayo kuti amvetsetse ndi kumvetsera zowona. Ana osakhala ndi autism mwachionekere ali ndi zovuta m'madera omwe angakhale osagwirizana ndi nzeru zakuya.
2. Ziyeso zambiri za IQ zimafuna luso lomvetsetsa ndi kuyankha miyambo ya anthu ndi zoyembekeza, ndikuyankhira nthawi inayake. Zoyembekezazi ndizovuta kwa ana omwe ali ndi autism, kaya ndi mawu kapena ayi.
3. Nkhani zovuta zomwe sizingayambitse nkhani za ana omwe angakhale nazo zingasokoneze ana ndi autism. Ana osakhala ndi autism sangathe kudziwitsa omvera nkhaniyi.

1. Oyesera saphunzitsidwa kawirikawiri kuti azigwira nawo ntchito, kuyanjana nawo, kapena "kuwerengera" ana omwe ali ndi zosowa zapadera, makamaka ana omwe sakhala nawo. Ngati sangathe kuyanjana ndi mwanayo, sizingatheke kuti mwanayo apereke luso lawo lapamwamba.

Kodi IQ iyenera kuyanjidwa bwanji pakati pa anthu osalankhula ndi autism? Zolondola, yankholo liyenera kuphatikiza mayesero a IQ osalongosoka komanso mawonedwe osagwirizana ndi mayeso.

TONI (Kuyesedwa kwa Nzeru Zopanda Anthu) ndi chitsanzo chimodzi cha mayeso osagwirizana ndi IQ omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala abwino kwa ana osakhala ana komanso kwa ana omwe ali ndi autism ambiri.

Kuwoneka kwa ana osalankhula m'madera omwe amadziwika bwino kungaperekenso owonetsera ndi zenizeni zenizeni zokhudzana ndi luso ndi luso lotha kuyesa.

Kawirikawiri, ngakhale ana osamvera a autistic angalephere kugwirizana nawo kapena kumvetsetsa cholinga cha mayesero oyenerera, amatha kuthetsa mavuto a nzeru monga kuthetsa mavuto osokoneza masamu kapena mapuzzles.

Inde, palibe madera a sukulu kapena mabungwe omwe angavomereze zotsatira za mayesowa posachedwa, koma kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti iwo ali otheka kwambiri kuwululira zowona zowona za mwana.

Bwanji Osati Anthu Opanda Chidziwitso Odzidzimvera Aphunzira Kuyankhula?

Chimodzi mwa zovuta kwambiri pazinthu za autism ndizokuti palibe amene amadziwa chifukwa chake anthu ena ali ndi autism sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito chinenero. Zimasokoneza kwambiri chifukwa anthu ambiri omwe sakhala nawo pamasewerowa amatha kugwiritsa ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito chinenero chamanja cha ku America, makadi ojambula zithunzi, ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi.

Zoonadi, anthu ena omwe ali ndi autism amakhalanso ndi ubwana wa kulankhula, matenda a ubongo omwe amachititsa kuti chinenero chikhale chovuta kwambiri. Koma anthu ambiri osagwirizana nawo pa autism sakhala ndi apraxia; iwo samangolankhula. Mwachiwonekere, pali kusiyana pakati pa ubongo zomwe zimalepheretsa kulankhula, koma panopa, palibe mgwirizano pa zomwe zimasiyanitsa kapena momwe zimakhudzidwira munthu aliyense.

Kafukufuku akugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo monga electroencephalograms (kuyesa ubongo) ndi MRI's (kuyesa ubongo) pofuna kuyesetsa kumvetsetsa zomwe zikuchitika mkati mwa malingaliro a munthu yemwe sangathe kulankhula kapena sangalankhule. Ena amayeza maso. Pakadali pano zikuwoneka kuti anthu omwe alibe mawu amodzi amamvetsa zambiri kuposa momwe amalankhulirana; koma kuli bwanji, pamtanda wotani, sichidziwika bwino.

Kodi Mwana Wanga Ndi Autism Aphunzira Kuyankhula?

Kawirikawiri, othandizira amagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "preverbal" osati "osalankhula" pofotokoza ana autistic omwe sagwiritsa ntchito chinenero. Nthawi zina mawu awa ndi olondola: ana ambiri okhulupirira autistic ndi mawu ochedwa amatha kulankhula ndi chinenero. Zina zimakhala bwino. Ena, komabe, samapeza zambiri kuposa mau ochepa, ngati izo.

Mwachidziwitso, mwana wanzeru kwambiri ndiye kuti angaphunzire kulankhula. Komabe, kulingalira uku ndikovuta chifukwa ndi kovuta kudziwa nzeru mwa mwana yemwe salankhula.

Malingana ndi zofalitsa za NIH Workshop pa Nonverbal School-Aged Children ndi Autism, "... ndizovuta kwambiri kuti tiwone anthuwa ndi zida zowonongeka. la ngakhale mawu amodzi, kapena mawu ena omveka bwino, amawoneka kuti ndiwothandiza kwambiri pakupeza chinenero choyankhula pambuyo pa zaka zisanu.

Kukonzekera ndi kukonza mankhwala, ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa ngati ana ali osalankhula (kutanthauza kuti palibe chilankhulidwe choyambirira), omwe amatha kufotokozera mawu, kutanthauza kuti alibe mawu kapena maluso olankhulana osalankhula). "

Ndingalimbikitse Bwanji Mwana Wanga Kulankhula (kapena pa Kulumikizana Kwambiri)?

Pali njira zambiri zolimbikitsira ndikulongosola chinenero choyankhulidwa kwa ana omwe ali ndi autism, ngakhale palibe chitsimikizo kuti njira ina iliyonse idzakhala yogwira kwa mwana aliyense wapatsidwa. Kafufuzidwe amasonyeza kuti kuyankhula , kuwongolera, komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kungapangitse kulankhulana mawu. Kafukufuku wina wakale akuwonetsanso kuti ma ARV ndi njira zowonjezereka zingakhudzidwe kwambiri ndi kulankhula.

Mawu Ochokera

Ngati mwana wanu sakuyankhula kapena akugwiritsa ntchito mawu, ndi bwino kukumbukira mfundo izi zofunikira komanso zofunika:

• Kupeza malire kwachidule sikungokhala chizindikiro cha IQ yochepa kapena matenda osayenera.
• Ana omwe ali ndi autism akhoza kukhala ndi chilankhulochi mochedwa kwambiri kuposa momwe akulerera ana, zomwe zikutanthawuza kuti ndibwino kupitiriza chithandizo chamankhwala.
• Kuyankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopanda mawu (makadi a chithunzi cha PECS, chinenero chamanja, etc.) zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri pakukhazikitsa kuyankhulana. Ana omwe amalimbikitsa luso loyankhulana pogwiritsira ntchito njirazi nthawi zambiri amalandira maluso oyankhulidwa panthawi yomweyo.
• Ndi bwino kuti makolo azikhala ndi nthawi, ndalama, ndi mphamvu kuti agwiritse ntchito ndalama zamakono, mapulogalamu, ndi mapulogalamu omwe amalola mwana wawo kulankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito mafano (kapena, nthawi zina, pa makibodi).

Ngakhale pali zida zambiri zothandiza kulimbikitsa kulankhula ndi kulankhulana, komabe ndikofunika kuti musamve bwino mfundo zomwe zimveka bwino kwambiri. Mudziko la autism, imodzi mwa zovutazi ndizo " kuyankhulana momasuka ," kumene katswiri "amachirikiza" mkono wa munthu wa autistic pamene iye akuyimira. Njirayi idakalipobe, koma yayambitsidwa ndi maphunziro ambiri omwe amasonyeza kuti ndiye wothandizira, osati munthu wodzitcha, amene akutsogolera kuwona zala.

_Zotsatira:

> Berdick, Chris. Kuphwanya lamulo lachinsinsi mwa ana omwe ali ndi autism omwe samalankhula. Webusaiti ya Boston University. July 2015.

> Institute of National Disability and Other Disorders. NIH Kafukufuku pa Ana Okalamba Sukulu-Okalamba ndi Autism. April 2010.

> Bardikoff, N. et al. Kuyesera IQ yopanda mauthenga kwa ana omwe ali ndi Autism Spectrum Disorders. Kafukufuku mu Autism Spectrum Disorders. Vesi 8, Ndime 9, September 2014, masamba 1200-1207

> Rudacil, Deborah. Zizindikiro za IQ sizitsulo zabwino za ntchito mu autism. Spectrum News, 6 Januwale 2011.