Kukumbutsa Kumaphatikizapo Mbali Zambiri za Ubongo
Kodi tingakhale bwanji popanda kukumbukira? Ngati simunakumbukire kumene mwakhalapo, kapena omwe mudasamala nawo, kodi mungakhalebe omwe muli tsopano? Bwanji ngati mwaiwala momwe mumayankhira ena, zonse zomwe mwaphunzira kusukulu kapena zomwe mwaphunzira kuchita mu moyo wanu wonse?
Kukhoza kwathu kukumbukira ndi kuphunzira ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi zofunikira za ubongo wathu.
Sikuti ubongo umatilola ife kuti tizitha kuwona zinthu zonse zomwe zili pafupi nafe, zimatithandiza kuti tibwererenso zomwe taphunzira kale. Komanso, amachita izi m'njira zosiyanasiyana, pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyana ya kukumbukira.
Kodi ndi chinthu chiti chomwe chinakuchitikirani lero? Ichi ndi chitsanzo cha kukumbukira kwachidziwitso, kapena kukumbukira, pamene timakumbukira chinthu china, monga kukumbukira khofi ya m'mawa. Zimasiyanitsa ndi kukumbukira zinthu, kukumbukira mfundo zomwe zimachoka ku zomwe zikuchitika, monga kudziwa kuti Paris ndi likulu la France. Kukhoza kwanu kuwerengera izi kumachokera ku mtundu wina wa chikumbutso wotchedwa kukumbukira mwambo-mtundu wa kukumbukira komwe kumapangitsa kukumbukira momwe mungachitire chinachake "monga kukwera njinga."
Kukumbukira kungapangidwe kwambiri-mwachitsanzo, kugwira ntchito kukumbukira kumakupatsani kuganizira chinachake pamasekondi ochepa pa nthawi, kenako kumasula, monga nambala ya foni yomwe muyenera kuyimba nthawi yomweyo. Kukumbukira kanthawi kochepa kumatha nthawi yaitali, mwinamwake ola kapena apo, ndipo kukumbukira kwa nthawi yaitali kumatha nthawi yonse.
Zigawo zazikumbukiro nthawi zambiri zimawoneka momveka bwino koma zimapanga maziko omvetsetsa momwe ubongo umawakumbukira.
Mapangidwe a Hippocampal ndi Limbic System
Chodziwikiratu chodziwika bwino chazaka 1950 chinapangitsa zambiri zomwe timadziwa pokhudzana ndi zikumbu. HM anali mnyamata yemwe anali ndi vuto lakutuluka kuchokera ku zovala zake zamkati zomwe zinatsogolera madokotala kuchotsa zonsezi.
Chotsatiracho chinali chinachake chofanana ndi kanema "Memento", momwe protagonist ikhoza kukumbukira kokha mphindi zingapo pa nthawi. Zomwe HM anali kukumbukira asanachitidwe opaleshoniyo sizinasinthe mpaka imfa yake, ngakhale kuti madokotala omwe anagwirako ntchito pambuyo pa ngoziyi adadziwonetsanso nthawi zambiri.
Zojambula zamkati zamkati zimakhala ndi hippocampus, kapangidwe ka ubongo kamene kamangidwe kozungulira kameneka kameneka kameneka kamene kanalimbikitsa odwala matendawa kuti awatchule pambuyo pa chi Greek kuti "kavalo wa m'nyanja." M'chigwa cha hippocampus muli zosiyana ndi neuroni zomwe zimagwirana wina ndi mnzake, kugwira ntchito pamodzi kuti amange maziko a zikumbukiro zatsopano.
Ngakhale udindo wa hippocampus ukudziwika bwino, ndi mbali chabe ya maukonde omwe amapitirira pafupifupi ubongo wonse. Zomwe zimakumbukira nthawi yaitali komanso zochepa kwambiri zingakhalepo popanda hippocampus ndi malo oyandikana nawo, monga umboni wa ena a HM adasunga. Popanda hippocampus ndi zogwirizana, komatu zinthu zambiri zatsopano sizikutha.
Hippocampus sagwira ntchito yokha, koma monga gawo la neural network, anaphunzira bwino ndi ophunzira a zachipatala, otchedwa dera la Papez . Izi zimaphatikizapo hippocampus, matupi am'mimba (mbali ziwiri zazing'ono pafupi ndi ubongo), mbali zina za thalamus, ndi cortex yonyansa .
Mbali zina za ubongo, monga basal forebrain, zimathandizira kukumbukira. Basal forebrain imatumiza acetylcholine ku cerebral cortex. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zikuwonongeka m'magulu a Alzheimer's monga mankhwala a Aricept powonjezera ma acetylcholine.
Cerebral Cortex
Ngakhale kuti hippocampus ndi maimbidwe ake ndizofunikira kwambiri kukumbukira kukumbukira, zikumbukirozo zimasungidwa pamtunda wonse. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, ubongo wonsewo umakhudzidwa ndi njira zophunzirira ndi kukumbukira, komanso chidwi, zonse zomwe ziri zofunika kwambiri pophunzira bwino ndi kuloweza.
Kukumbukira kukumbukira ndi mtundu wa kukumbukira umene umagwira ntchito nthawi yaitali kuti uigwiritse ntchito kapena kuisunga kwa nthawi ina.
Izi zatsimikiziridwa kuti zimadalira magulu oyendayenda omwe amagwiritsa ntchito lobes oyambirira ndi apereti. Kuvulaza ku madera awa kungachititse kuvutika kusunga chinthu m'malingaliro nthawi yaitali kuti uyambe gawo loyamba la kuloweza, lomwe limadziwika kuti encoding. Kulemba makalata kumaphatikizapo kugwira ntchito ndi hippocampus kukonzekera ndikusankha mfundo zomwe ziyenera kusungidwa kosatha.
Kuwonjezera pa encoding, kalotiyo ingagwirizane ndi kukokera malingaliro kuchokera kusungirako mu ndondomeko yotchedwa kubwezeretsa. N'zotheka kuti wina akhale ndi vuto ndi kukumbukira kukumbukira ngakhale ngati encoding yachitidwa bwino. Mwachitsanzo, ambiri a ife takhala tikuvutika kukumbukira kanthu kena kokha kuti tikhale nawo pop mu malingaliro athu mtsogolo. Nthawi zina mauthenga olakwika angatengedwe, monga momwe akugwirizanirana, pamene zikuwoneka kuti wina akunama za zapitazo, ngakhale amakhulupirira mwakuya kukumbukira bodza.
Kusokonezeka kwa Memory
Kusokonekera kosiyana kwa malingaliro kumakhudza madera osiyanasiyana a ubongo. Mwachitsanzo, matenda a Alzheimer , amawononga kwambiri hippocampus, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupanga zochitika zatsopano koma palibe vuto loyamba ndi zochitika zomwe zasungidwa kale. Kuwonongeka koopsa kwa ubongo kungayambitse kuvutika ndi kugwira ntchito kukumbukira, kutanthauza kuti n'kovuta kusunga chidziwitso nthawi yaitali kuti chilembedwe. Koma mukakumbukiridwa, chidziwitsochi chikhoza kukhalabe, ngakhale kuti vuto lina likhoza kukhalapo.
Zotsatira:
H Blumenfeld, Neuroanatomy kudzera M'zipatala. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates Publishers 2002
MM Mesulam (2000): Khalidwe la Neuroanatomy. Mu: Mesulam MM, mkonzi. Mfundo Zokhudzana ndi Makhalidwe Abwino Okhudza Khalidwe labwino. New York: Oxford, pp 1-120.