N'chiyani Chimakupangitsani?
Mawu oyendayenda, zolimbikitsa, ndi zokopa zonse zili ndi mawu ofanana. Tikamaganizira zolimbikitsa, tikhoza kufunsa zakumverera ndi mawu akuti "n'chiyani chimakusunthani?" Zonsezi zikutitsimikiziridwa pazochitika zokhudzana ndi ubongo - zigawo zambiri zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi galimoto ndi zolinga zimagwirizanitsa maganizo athu ndi zochita.
The Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Mkonzi wina wa ndale yemwe anali wovuta kwambiri komanso wogwirizana nawo anadwala matenda oopsa kwambiri kuchokera ku anirysm m'kati mwake .
Atatha kupwetekedwa, anali atakhala maso komanso atcheru, koma sanamvere chilichonse chomuzungulira. Mawu ake a banja lawo komanso kukhumudwa kwake sakanamuthandiza. Sangadye pokhapokha chakudya chitayikidwa m'kamwa mwake, ndipo sakanatha kuyankhula kupatula m'magulu amodzi. Madokotala anamupeza iye ndi akinetic mutism, kusowa kwakukulu kwambiri kwa zolinga.
Kansalu ya CT inanena kuti magazi ochokera ku aneurysm anali atalowa mkati mwake mumng'oma mwake (ACC), dera lomwe lili kumbuyo kwenikweni kwa zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndilo loyambirira, pakati pa ubongo ndi kutalika kwake monga akachisi ake. Kachilendo kameneka kameneka ndi mbali imodzi ya mawonekedwe a ubongo, magulu a ubongo omwe amasonyezera komanso amachititsa chidwi.
Gawo lomaliza la ACC likugwirizana ndi amygdalae, zigawo zovuta zowonongeka, komanso chigawo cha prefrontal cortex, chomwe chikuphatikizapo malamulo okhudza maganizo. Amagwirizananso ndi hypothalamus ndi ubongo wa ubongo, umene ACC umakhudza mtima wathu, kuthamanga kwa magazi, ndi zina zomwe zimagwira ntchito.
Mbali ya pamwamba ya ACC imagwirizanitsidwa ndi lobes, yomwe imatithandiza kutsogolera ndikupanga mapulani. The ACC imalumikizana mwachindunji ndi makina oyambirira, omwe amachititsa magawo oyambirira a kayendetsedwe kogwirizanitsa. Mogwirizana, pamwamba ndi pansi pamtundu wa ACC zimapangitsa kuti zikhale bwino kuti ziphatikize mfundo zamaganizo ndikuziyikira kuchitapo kanthu.
Kusokonezeka kwa Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Mwamwayi, ACC imatha kuonongeka ndi matenda monga matenda, kutaya magazi, zikwapu ndi zina zambiri. Izi zikachitika, kugwirizana kofunika pakati pa malingaliro ndi zochitika zalepheretsedwa, ndipo timataya magalimoto athu. Izi zimapangitsa kuti anthu asamve chidwi, omwe amatchedwanso abulia , omwe anthu samamva kuti akufunikira kuchitapo chilichonse pa malo awo, kuphatikizapo zinthu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofunikira kwa iwo, monga banja, abwenzi, kapena nthawi zina ngakhale ululu wa thupi. Fomu yoopsa kwambiri ndi akinetic mutism, momwe munthu amadandaula kwambiri samasuntha ngakhale kulankhula.
Dopaminergic Mphoto Njira
Kuphatikiza pa kusowa kwa zifukwa, palinso nthawi yomwe ife tikulimbikitsidwa molakwika. Kuledzera ndi chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri zomwe timalimbikitsidwa kuti tizichita m'njira zomwe timadziwa kuti n'zosiyana ndi zofuna zathu.
James Olds ndi Peter Milner ochokera ku yunivesite ya McGill adasonyezeratu kuti kukakamiza malo opindulitsa a mphotho m'munsi ndi kutsogolo kwa ubongo kumachita mphotho mu makoswe. Ma electrode anaikidwa mu ubongo wa makoswe kuti nyamayo idzipangitse yokhayokha potsitsimula. Nyama zikhoza kugwiritsa ntchito chiwindi ichi nthawi zoposa chikwi mu ola limodzi.
Maulendo omwewo adakonzedweratu mbuzi ndi ochita kafukufuku ena.
Dera la ventral tegmental, lomwe limadziwikanso kuti mapulogalamu opatsa mphotho ya masolimbic kumagulu osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kutengeka ndi kuyendetsa galimoto, kuphatikizapo chingwe choyambirira chokhala ndi makina komanso amygdala. Zimapangidwanso kumalo oyandikana nawo, zomwe zimatilola kuti tiweruzire ndi kuyeza zomwe zingatheke kuti tigwirizane ndi chochitika cha malo athu.
Chimodzi mwa malo ofunika kwambiri m'dera la ventral tegmental ndilo nucleus accumbens. Nucleus accumbens ili ndi zigawo ziwiri: pachimake ndi chipolopolo. Zilonda zazing'ono zimathetsa mayankho ena a khalidwe kuti zikhale zovuta, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi kuyenda komwe kumakhudzana ndi kufunika kwa maganizo.
Choyambirira chikuwoneka kuti chikulitsa khalidwe lachikhalidwe-mwachitsanzo ngati amphetamine imalowetsedwa pamtundu, nyamayo imatha kugwira ntchito kuti ikhale ndi cholinga chomwe chagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mphoto m'mbuyomo. Chigoba chikuwoneka chogwirizana kwambiri ndi zinthu zatsopano ndi zochitika.
Kusokonezeka kwa Mphotho ya Dopaminergic Njira
Momwemonso, njira ya mphotho imadalira pa neurotransmitter dopamine. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuwonjezereka kwa dopamine mu dongosolo lino. Mofananamo, mankhwala ena omwe amawongolera kuchuluka kwa dopamine mu ubongo, monga mankhwala omwe amachitidwa kuti athetse zizindikiro za matenda a Parkinson, akhoza kuthandizanso njirayi, zomwe zimayambitsa makhalidwe oipa monga kutchova njuga.
Ngati wina amene amagwiritsa ntchito cocaine kapena amphetamine amasiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa, amatha kupwetekedwa ndi dopamine mu njira ya mphotho ya masolimbic, zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu azikhala osasangalala komanso akuvutika maganizo pa nthawi yosiya. Zotsatirazi zingakhale zothandiza kwa madokotala ena omwe amachiza mankhwala opatsirana kapena opweteka odwala monga Haldol amachepetsa ma dopamine, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa galimotoyo ndikuwatsitsa. Zosangalatsa za serotonin zikhoza kukhala zofanana ndizo, koma zingapewe zina za zotsatira za antipsychotics.
Kutsiliza
Zigawo za ubongo zimagwirizana kwambiri, zomwe zingachititse kuti zikhale zovuta kudziwa chomwe chimapangitsa munthu kukhala ndi chizindikiro ngati kusamvetsetsa. Pamene ndakambirana mbali zikuluzikulu ziwiri zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi galimoto, madera ena monga insula yam'deralo akhoza kuthandizidwa.
Kusokonezeka kwa zolinga sikuti sizatha. Ubongo umatha kusinthika, ndipo machitidwe ena akhoza kulipira pang'ono kuwonongeka kwa dera linalake. Mzimayi amene adataya magazi m'thupi mwake, adakali ndi nthawi yomwe thupi linabweretsanso magazi, ngakhale kuti adayamba kukumana ndi zizindikiro za kuchepa kwa chikumbumtima.
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti ngakhale tili ndi ubongo wathu, izi zikutanthawuza kuti ndife okonzeka kusintha ndipo tikhoza kuthana ndi kuwonongeka komwe kungachepetse chikhumbo chathu chochita.
* Mfundo zaumwini zasinthidwa kuti ziteteze chinsinsi.
Zotsatira
Barris R, Schuman H (1953): Zotsatizana zogonana zowonongeka; matenda a anterior cingulate gyri. Neurology. 3: 44-52.
Nielsen J, Jacobs L (1951): Zilonda zapakati pazomwe zimayambira; mbiri ya mlandu. Bulletin ya Los Angeles Neurological Society. 16: 231-234.
Sollberger, M., Rankin, KP, & Miller, BL (2010). Kusamalidwa kwa anthu. Kupitiriza Kuphunzira Kwambiri kwa Neurol, 16 (4), 69-85.