Maphunziro atsopano okhudza mankhwala osokoneza bongo amapereka mphamvu zowonongeka
Chithandizo cha mtundu wa shuga wachiwiri chasinthidwa zaka khumi zapitazi poyambitsa mankhwala atsopano, madokotala, komanso njira zothandizira. Kupititsa patsogolo uku kumapangitsa anthu odwala matenda a shuga kukhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zochiritsira zomwe zimatha kupereka mphamvu yowonongeka kwa nthawi yaitali.
Mankhwala ovomerezeka amathyoledwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, omwe ali ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zochitiramo ntchito.
DPP-4 Inhibitors
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors amagwira ntchito poletsa mazira a DPP-4 omwe amawononga hormone incretin. Incretins amathandiza thupi kutulutsa insulini kwambiri ngati pakufunika ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga komwe kumapangidwa ndi chiwindi pamene sikufunika. Panopa pali madokotala asanu a DPP-4 omwe amavomereza ndi US Food and Drug Administration (FDA):
- Januvia (sitagliptin)
- Galvus (vildagliptin)
- Onglyza (saxagliptin)
- Tradjenta (linagliptin)
- Nesina (alogliptin)
Incretin Mimetics
Malingana ndi dzina lawo, incretin mimetics amagwira ntchito mofanana ndi zomwe zimachitika kuti anthu asapange insulini . Amachepetsanso mlingo wa chimbudzi kotero kuti shuga imalowe mwazi pang'onopang'ono.
Pali mankhwala asanu omwe amavomerezedwa ndi FDA omwe amaperekedwa ndi jekeseni ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwa anthu omwe satha kuthetsa shuga awo amagazi ndi mankhwala omwe amamwa:
- Byetta (exenatide)
- Victoza (liraglutide)
- Trulicity (dulaglutide)
- Tanzeum (albiglutide)
- Lyxumia (lixisenatide)
Amadziwikanso monga agonists a GLP-1 , mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi mankhwala omwe amamwa komanso amalowa m'zipeni zamakina. Iwo si insulini kapena amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa insulini.
Sodium-Glucose Transporter-2 Inhibitors
Mankhwala a sodium-glucose transporter-2 (SSGT-2) omwe amachititsa shuga amatha kuchepetsa shuga wa magazi mwa kuchititsa impso kuchotsa shuga m'thupi kudzera mu mkodzo.
Pali njira zitatu zovomerezeka ndi mankhwala a FDA:
- Kusamvana (canagliflozin)
- Farxiga (dapagliflozin)
- Kulimbirana (kumvetsera)
Amylin Analogs
Maselo a Amylin ndi mahomoni amylin omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mphutsi kuti athetse shuga. Mankhwala a Amylin amathandizidwa ndi jekeseni ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi insulini pofuna kuyendetsa magazi kwambiri. Pakali pano pali njira imodzi yovomerezeka ya FDA:
- Symlin (pramlintide acetate)
Sulfonylureas
Sulfonylureas ndi mankhwala akale kwambiri odwala matenda a shuga ndipo, mpaka 1995, okhawo omwe amapezeka kuti athetse mtundu wa shuga wa mtundu wa 2. Sulfonylureas amagwira ntchito polimbikitsa mphukira kuti atulutse insulini yambiri m'magazi.
Pali mibadwo ingapo ya sulfonylureas; lachiwiri ndi lachitatu ndilo limene limatchulidwa kawirikawiri. Mwa omwe akuvomerezedwa ndi FDA:
- Mbadwo woyamba: Orinase (tolbutamide), Tolinase (tolazamide), ndi Diabinese (chlorpropamide)
- Mbadwo wachiwiri: Glucotrol (glipizide), Micronase (glyburide), ndi Diabeta (glyburide)
- Chibadwo chachitatu: Amaryl (glimepiride)
Biguanides
Biguanides amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga kuti apangidwe ndi chiwindi pamene amachititsa thupi kukhala ndi mphamvu yambiri ya insulini. Pali mitundu iwiri yovomerezeka ya FDA ya mankhwala omwewo:
- Glucophage (metformin)
- Glucophage XR (kutulutsidwa kwowonjezereka kwa metformin)
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
Alfa-glucosidase inhibitors amachititsa kuti kutembenuka kwa chakudya kukhale ndi shuga panthawi ya chimbudzi. Izi zimathandiza kukhazikitsa ma shuga a magazi ndi kupewa shuga kuti asawoneke kwambiri. Pali njira ziwiri zomwe zikuvomerezedwa ndi FDA:
- Kutenga (acarbose)
- Glyset (miglitol)
Thiazolidinediones
Thiazolidinediones amachititsa kuti maselo a minofu ndi mafuta azilandira insulini mosavuta. Zonsezi zimakhala ndi zoopsa zina zomwe zimafuna kuyankhulana kwa akatswiri musanayambe kumwa mankhwala. A FDA avomereza mankhwala awiri a thiazolidinedione ku US:
- Avandia (rosiglitazone)
- Actos (pioglitazone)
Mu May 2007, a FDA apereka chitetezo chokhudzana ndi chiopsezo cha mtima ndi zochitika zina za mtima pamene atenga Avandia. Mavuto omwewa amachititsa kuti Avandia ndi Actos asiye ku France ndi Germany.
Meglitinides
Meglitinides ingathandize kuthandizira kutulutsa insulini ngati pali shuga m'magazi. Ngati shuga wa magazi ndi otsika, mankhwalawa sagwira ntchito kwambiri. Zotsatila za FDA zikuphatikizapo:
- Prandin (repaglinide)
- Starlix (nateglinide)
> Chitsime:
> Utsogoleri wa US Food and Drug Administration. "Mankhwala Omwe Amasamalidwa ndi FDA-Diabetes." Silver Spring, Maryland.