Mbiri Yotsuka Manja, Madzi Oyera, ndi Zofunda Zolimba
Masiku ano, madokotala ndi odwala amafanana ndi zipangizo zamankhwala zamakono zothana ndi matenda onse ndi zovuta. Njira yothandizira matenda opatsirana ndi osiyana, ndi odwala ambiri akusowa mankhwala oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zofooka kwambiri. Mwamwayi, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika mankhwala opha tizilombo kumayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe matenda angathe kuwononga komanso nthawi zina zimawopsa.
Asanafike popeza tizilombo toyambitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti matenda amachokera ku mizimu yoipa. Komabe, zopereka za sayansi m'zaka za m'ma 1800 ndi Louis Pasteur ndi Robert Koch zinatsimikizira kuti tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tingayambitse matenda opweteka ndi opunduka monga chifuwa chachikulu ndi TB. Koma kodi mudadziwa kuti kuchepa kwa matenda opatsirana pakati pa kupezeka kwa thandizo la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kupezeka kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo (aka "mankhwala ozizwitsa") sikunatchulidwe ndi chithandizo chamankhwala apamwamba, koma kodi kusintha kwa khalidwe laumunthu?
Anthu atatu, Ignaz Semmelweis, John Snow ndi Thomas Crapper, amatchulidwa chifukwa choyambitsa njira zathu za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku zotsuka m'manja, kumwa madzi abwino ndi chimbudzi.
Mbiri Yotsuka Manja: Ignaz Semmelweis
Tangoganizani mmene moyo ungakhalire ngati kutsuka kwa manja kunali kosakwanira pakati pa opaleshoni. Zosangalatsa kwambiri, sichoncho? M'mayiko otukuka, kusamba m'manja kumalimbikitsidwa kwambiri kwa anthu a mibadwo yonse ndi maulendo a moyo, koma anthu ochepa amadziwa mbiri ya chiyambi chake.
Mu 1847, Ignaz Semmelweis, yemwe ndi dokotala wobadwa ku Hungarian, adalemba zochititsa chidwi zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu azitsuka m'manja. Pogwira ntchito ku chipatala chovutitsa matenda ku Vienna, Dr. Semmelweis anasokonezeka maganizo chifukwa chakuti feverperal (kapena "puerperal") malungo anafalikira mobwerezabwereza kwa amayi omwe anathandizidwa ndi anachipatala, poyerekeza ndi omwe anathandizidwa ndi azamba.
Kupyolera mwa kufufuza mosamala za zamankhwala, adapeza kuti ophunzira omwe amathandizira kuti abereke nthawi zambiri amatha kuchita zimenezi atachita opaleshoni kwa odwala omwe anafa ndi sepsis (kuchokera ku bakiteriya). Pambuyo poyambitsa ndondomeko yoyamba yotsuka m'manja ndi mankhwala otchedwa chlorinated antiseptic solution, chiwerengero cha anthu ophedwa chimachepetsedwa ndi 10 mpaka 20 patsiku pa miyezi itatu, kusonyeza kuti kusintha kwa matenda kumeneku kungachepe kwambiri ndi njira yosavuta yoyeretsera.
Iye sakanakhoza kuwatsimikizira anzakewo za kufunika kwa zomwe anapeza. Ankaganiza kuti wachita misala ndipo adafa m'bungwe la sepsis kuvulala komwe analandira kumeneko, mofanana ndi amayi ambiri omwe adafuna kuteteza.
Madzi Oyera Omwe: John Snow ndi Broad Street Pump
Kodi mungaganize kuti moyo wanu ukanakhala wotani ngati kokha kokha kasupe wa madzi akumwa akudetsedwa ndi otsekula m'mimba kuchokera kwa anthu akufa ndi kolera ? Zikumveka zabwino kwambiri, si choncho?
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 ku England, kuphulika kwa kolera (kuchokera ku bakiteriya) kunayambitsa mliri waukulu, ndikusiya makumi ambirimbiri akufa ndi odwala. Panthawiyo, anthu sankadziwa pang'ono za chiyambi cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena kufalikira kwa matenda opatsirana. M'malo mwake, iwo ankakhulupirira kuti matenda a kolera amayamba chifukwa cha poizoni kuchokera ku sewers, manda otseguka, ndi malo ena owonongeka.
John Snow anali dokotala yemwe anawona kuti kolera ikuwoneka kuti ikufalikira osati kupyolera mu mpweya wakupha, koma kuchokera ku madzi owonongeka. Anawona kuti imfa zambiri zokhudzana ndi kolera zimapezeka pafupi ndi mpope pa Broad Street, komwe anthu ammudzimo nthawi zambiri amaima kuti amwe madzi. Dr Snow anachotsa chogwirira cha mpope, ndipo pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, kufala kwa matendawa kunali. Ngakhale kuti zinatenga nthawi kuti boma laderalo likhulupirire zonena zake ndikuchitapo kanthu, ziphunzitso za Dr. Snow ndi zofukufuku zikuyimira zopereka zazikulu pomvetsetsa magwero a matenda opatsirana komanso kumagwiritsa ntchito madzi abwino akumwa.
Zojambula Zamakono Zamakono: Thomas Crapper
Kumbukirani masiku a nyumba yosungiramo katundu? Kapena bowo pansi, nthawi zina? Zimakupangitsani inu kuyamikira kwambiri za chimbudzi chamakono chamakono, sichoncho?
Thomas Crapper, yemwe anabadwa mu 1836 ku Yorkshire, England, akuti ndi amene anayambitsa chimbudzi chosungira. Kunena zoona, iye sanakhazikitse chimbudzi chodzidzimutsa koma akukhulupirira kuti apereka zopereka zazikulu pakukula ndi kufalitsa kwa anthu amasiku ano. Pogwiritsira ntchito njira zamakono zamakono zomwe zimadumpha madzi osungira mumzindawu, anthu sankakonda kuchepetsa matenda omwe amabwera ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Choncho kaya Thomas Crapper kapena yemwe mwiniwakeyo wapereka ndalama zothandizira kumalo osungirako zida, ndiye kuti chimbudzi chimakhala chiwongolero chachikulu chokhazikitsa thanzi la anthu.
Uthenga Wotenga Kwathu ndi wotani?
Anthu atatu amatchulidwa ndi ziwombankhanga zazikuluzikulu mwa anthu, zomwe ambiri timachita mopepuka. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku kunachitika asanayambe maantibayotiki ngakhale asanamvetsetse kuti matenda angayambidwe ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kodi uthenga wochokera kunyumba ndi wotani? Kusintha kwa moyo wamoyo kumakhala kosiyana kwakukulu pankhani yopewa matenda opatsirana.
> Mafotokozedwe
> Zithunzi: Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis. July 30, 2008
> Thomas Crapper: Nthano ndi Zoona. Plumbing & Mechanical 1993
> Amphindi, Judith. "Broad Street Pump Kuphulika" . Mbiri Yomwe Mumzinda Wapamtima Wambiri wa London. Bloomsbury, London, 1989; mas. 113-117