Kubwerera kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, ochita kafukufuku adayamba kuzindikira kuti ana omwe ali ndi autism anali ndi ubongo waukulu kuposa omwe alibe chikhalidwe. Makamaka, maphunziro obwerezabwereza omwe amatsatira ana a zaka ziwiri ali ndi zaka 4 asonyeza kuwonjezeka kwa mutu wachizungu ndi ubongo wa ubongo.
Malingana ndi zochitikazi, zinkapangika kuti kukula kwa ubongo kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chitsimikizo choyambirira cha autism mu makanda.
(Biomarker ndi mndandanda wa mawu akuti "zamoyo" ndi "chizindikiro" ndipo amatanthauza zizindikiro kapena zizindikiro zomwe zingayesedwe m'njira yolondola komanso yobwerezabwereza.) Komabe, nthawi yowonjezera ubongo ndi mgwirizano pakati pa zochitika izi ndi kusintha kwa khalidwe zofanana ndi matenda a autism spectrum (ASD) adakali osadziwika.
Kafukufuku watsopano wofalitsidwa m'nyuzipepala ya Nature akusonyeza kuti ubongo umasintha ku ubongo kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yomwe ana anapeza kuti ali ndi autism. Kafukufukuyu akusonyeza kuti kufotokozera koyambirira kwachitsanzo (maginito opanga maginito kapena ma MRI ) kwa ana omwe ali pangozi yaikulu yopanga autism kungathandize kufotokozera zam'tsogolo za matendawa.
Autism Spectrum Disorder Yoyesedwa
Matenda a Autism amagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana zamaganizo, maluso, ndi miyezo yaumphawi. Nazi zina zomwe zimagwirizana ndi autism :
- Kuvuta kulankhulana ndi ena
- Kuvuta kuyanjana ndi ena
- Zofuna kapena zochepa zochepa
- Zizolowezi zobwerezabwereza
- Zosangalatsa zozizwitsa
- Kutanganidwa ndi zinthu kapena zigawo za zinthu
- Kusasamala
- Kukhumudwa kumaso, kuyang'ana nkhope, ndi thupi
- Chisamaliro chachilendo kwa malo osapulumuka
- Zovuta ndi zomasuka, ntchito, ndi moyo waumwini
Zizindikiro izi zimayamba kuonekera pafupi zaka ziwiri-isanafike nthawiyi, autism sizitsimikiziridwa bwinobwino. M'mawu ena, ana omwe amatha kupezedwa ndi ASD pakati pa zaka ziwiri ndi zitatu samawoneka kuti ali ndi ASD chaka choyamba cha moyo.
Anthu ena omwe ali ndi autism amakhala ndi vuto lochepa chabe, monga omwe ali ndi matenda a Asperger omwe nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa kuti "opambana." Anthu ena okhala ndi autism amalemala kwambiri. Ana makumi awiri kapena ana ambiri omwe ali ndi autism amakhala ndi moyo wokhazikika komanso wodziimira. Zizindikiro zabwino zokhudzana ndi zizindikiro zimaphatikizapo kulankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito mawu a zaka zisanu kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi komanso luso lopanda nzeru.
Ngakhale kuti palibe mankhwala kapena mankhwala omwe amadziwika kuti autism, mankhwala ena amatha kuwongolera ntchito ndi kuchepetsa zizindikiro. Kuchiza kumafuna thandizo kuchokera ku mitundu yambiri ya akatswiri azaumoyo ndipo limagwiritsa ntchito luso la chikhalidwe, chilankhulo, ndi luso lothandizira.
Makampani a ku United States Oletsa Kuletsa ndi Kuteteza Matenda (CDC) amalingalira kuti mmodzi mwa ana 68 ali ndi ASD, ndipo izi zimakhudza anthu ochokera m'mitundu yonse, mafuko, ndi chikhalidwe chawo. ASD ndi pafupifupi maulendo 4.5 kuposa anyamata kuposa momwe amachitira atsikana.
Pa ana omwe ali pangozi yaikulu kapena omwe ali ndi mchimwene wakale yemwe ali ndi ASD, mwayi wokhala ndi vuto limalumphira kufika pa chimodzi mwa zisanu.
Ngakhale kusintha kwina kosasinthika kwagwirizanitsa ndi chitukuko cha autism, zovuta zambiri sitingathe kuzipeza pambuyo pozindikira kuti zamoyo zimayambitsa matenda kapena zamasinthidwe enieni. Chifukwa chake, pakhala chidwi chachikulu chaposachedwapa pa chitukuko cha zipangizo zomwe sizowunikira kuti zidziwitse ASD.
Udindo Woyamba Ubongo Umayambira mu ASD
Phunziro lachilengedwe lomwe tafotokoza pamwambapa, ofufuza anagwiritsa ntchito MRI kusinkhasinkha ubongo wa ana khumi ndi angapo omwe ali ndi chiopsezo cha ubongo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ubongo. Ana omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chotere amakhala ndi alongo achikulire omwe ali ndi ASD.
Anawo anawoneka pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, 12, ndi 24. Kuwonjezera apo, ofufuza anafufuza ubongo wa ana 42 ali pangozi yaikulu ya ASD.
Ana khumi ndi asanu (15) omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu adapezeka kuti ali ndi ASD ali ndi zaka ziwiri. Kwa ana awa, kusintha kwa ubongo kunayamba kusonyeza pakati pa miyezi 6 ndi 12 miyezi. Komanso, kusintha kumeneku kunatsatiridwa ndi ubongo wambiri pakati pa miyezi 12 ndi 24. Zowonjezereka, ochita kafukufukuwo adasonyeza kuti pakati pa 6 ndi 12 miyezi ingapo, kudalikulirakulira kwa malo opangidwa ndi coripital komanso, mocheperapo, lobes ndi nthawi yayitali ya ubongo. Kukula kwa kanyumba kameneka kumakhala kukula kwa zikopa kunja kwa ubongo. Ndipo loipital lobe ikuphatikizidwa pakukonzekera kwa chidziwitso chachinsinsi.
Kusintha kumeneku kumtundu wa cortex kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ubongo ndipo pamapeto pake chiwonongeko cha ana omwe amapezeka ndi ASD ali ndi zaka ziwiri. Kuwonjezera apo, njirayi ya hyper-expansion ikufanana ndi yachizolowezi, ngakhale chitetezedwe chokwanira, kuwonjezeka kwa malo ozungulira omwe amawona ana popanda autism.
Malinga ndi ochita kafukufukuwo:
"Kulosera zam'tsogolo kunayambika kuchokera kumakhazikitsidwe a makhalidwe kuyambira ali wakhanda sanapereke mphamvu zokwanira zowonetsera kuti chithandizo chamagetsi chikhale chothandiza. Tinapeza kuti chidziwitso chozama kwambiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwamba pa chidziwitso ku ubongo wa MRI pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ndi khumi ndi isanu ndi umodzi chinaneneratu kuti miyezi 24 imapezeka kuti ana a autism amapezeka kuti ali ndi chiopsezo chokwanira kwa autism. "
Pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chakuya, ochita kafukufuku akuganiza kuti akhoza kunena kuti autism ali ndi ana asanu ndi atatu (10) aliwonse omwe ali pangozi ya vutoli.
Zotsatira
Mosakayikitsa, zotsatira za phunziroli lakusanthula ubongo ndi zosangalatsa komanso zosintha masewera. Apanso, malinga ndi ochita kafukufukuwo:
"Kupeza kumeneku kungatanthawuze kuti munthu ayambe kuzindikira komanso athandizidwe, poti nthawiyi isanayambe kufotokozera ziganizo za ASD komanso zaka zomwe zimapezeka kuti zidziwike. Gawo lomaliza la zaka zoyambirira ndi zoyambirira za moyo likudziwika ndi pulasitiki yapamwamba yowonjezereka yokhudzana ndi zaka zapitazo ndipo ndi nthawi yomwe kuchepa kwa chikhalidwe chogwirizana ndi autism sikunakhazikitsidwe. Kuchitapo kanthu m'zaka zapitazi kungakhale kothandiza kwambiri kuposa patapita patsogolo. "
Mwachidule, ochita kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti njira yawo yothetsera vutoli ingayambitse njira yowonetsera koyambirira komanso kuthandizirapo kwa ana omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu-njira zomwe zingakhale zogwira mtima chifukwa ubongo wa mwanayo umatha kusintha kwambiri. Kupitako koyambirira kungathandizenso asayansi kuti ayesedwe bwino ndikuwona ngati chithandizo chikugwira ntchito mofulumira kwambiri kuposa kale.
Pakalipano, sikudziwika ngati kuthandizira koyambirira kungapangitse zotsatira zapakati pa nthawi ya odwala omwe ali ndi autism. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri amachirikiza lingaliro lakuti njira zoyambirira zoterezi zimapereka chithandizo ngakhale kuti alibe kufufuza m'munda.
Zowonjezera, zotsatira za Parent Autism Communication Trial (PACT) -kuphunzira kwakukulu komanso kotalika kwambiri pothandiza ma autism mpaka pano-kuthandizira kuti kuphunzitsa makolo a ana omwe ali ndi autism momwe angayanjanitsire bwino ndi ana awo amapereka phindu lomwe lingathe kupitirira kwa zaka.
Komabe, njira zophunzitsira izi zinkakhudza makolo a ana omwe ali ndi autism omwe ali pakati pa zaka ziwiri ndi 4 osati ana omwe . Kuwonjezera apo, zotsatira za njirazi zinachepetsedwa patapita nthawi ndipo zinali zokayikitsa kwambiri. M'malo mochepetsa nkhaŵa, njira ya PACT inachepetsera khalidwe lobwerezabwereza ndi kukulitsa luso loyankhulana.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kufufuza kwa ubongo kumafufuza ana omwe ali pachiopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi ASD osati ana ambiri omwe ali ndi ASD omwe alibe achibale awo okalamba omwe ali ndi vutoli. Komabe, ntchitoyi imapereka umboni wa mfundo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa ena pachiopsezo cha ASD. Komabe, kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito kwa anthu ambiri, komabe, kukula kwa "tchati chokwanira kwa ubongo" chomwe chiri ndi ntchito yaikulu chiyenera kuti chidziwike-chinachake chomwe chiri kutali kwambiri.
Ndipotu, izi zisanachitike, izi zisanachitike, maphunziro akuluakulu akuyenera kuchitidwa kuti athandizidwe ndi kafukufukuyu. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kuonanso ngati zotsatira za kafukufuku wamakono angaphatikizidwe pamodzi ndi mitundu ina yowonongeka, kuphatikizapo khalidwe, electrophysiology, maselo a maselo, ndi njira zina zoganizira, monga ubongo wonse wa MRI. Zindikirani, monga tanenera poyamba, sitinadziwebe kusintha kwasintha kwa majini komwe kumayambitsa milandu yambiri ya autism. Komabe, kufufuza kwa ziwalo zoterezi kumakhalabe gawo lothandizira kufufuza ndi chidwi kwa ambiri.
Potsirizira pake, kusiyana kwa njira za MRI ndi deta-extraction zingapangitse kuti zovuta izi zikhale zovuta. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, mawonekedwe a MRI ndi osiyana ndipo kusiyana kumeneku kungapangitse kuti zikhale zovuta kubwereza zovuta zodziwika, koma zofunikira, kusintha komwe kumachitika mu phunziro la tsopano.
> Zosowa
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> Hazlett, HC ndi al. Kukula kwa ubongo kumayambiriro kwa ana omwe ali pangozi yaikulu ya matenda a autism spectrum. Chilengedwe. 2017; 542: 348-351.
> Leidford, H. Kufufuza kwa Autism kumapezako kuthandizira koyambirira kumakhala ndi zotsatira zosatha. Chilengedwe: Nkhani ndi Ndemanga. 10/25/2016.
> Pickles, A et al. Mayi wothandizana ndi ana omwe ali ndi autism (PACT): Kutsata kwa nthawi yaitali kwa mayesero osagonjetsedwa. 2016; 388 (10059): 2501-2509.
> Volkmar FR. Chaputala 34. Autism ndi Mavuto Otsitsika Kwambiri. Mu: Ebert MH, Loosen PT, Nurcombe B, Leckman JF. eds. Kuzindikira ndi Kuchiza Kuchulukitsa: Kusamalira maganizo, 2e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2008.