Zomwe asayansi ndi zamankhwala amapeza zimatithandiza kumvetsetsa momwe maonekedwe athu amakhudzira matupi athu ndi thanzi lathu, mayesero atsopano akupangidwira kuti athandize anthu kudziwa ngati majini awo akugwirizana ndi matenda kapena zochitika zina. Anthu ayamba kudzifunsa ngati ayenera kuyesedwa . Chisankho chimenecho chikhoza kupangidwa mwa kumvetsetsa zomwe zoyezetsa za majini zimakhudza ndi kuwonanso ubwino ndi kuipa kwa kuyesedwa kwa chibadwa.
N'chifukwa Chiyani Ambiri Amayambitsa Zamoyo?
Kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, matupi aumunthu apanga matenda kapena mikhalidwe ndi chidziwitso chochepa ponena za chifukwa chake. Nchifukwa chiyani mayi wina amayamba khansa ya m'mawere, koma wina samatero? Nchifukwa chiyani munthu wina amakula matenda a Parkinson , koma wina samatero? Ngakhale kuti zochitika zachilengedwe zikhoza kufotokoza mbali ina ya nkhaniyi, zinazindikiritsidwa kuti payenera kukhala chinachake ponena za thupi la munthu amene chamuthandiza kuti chitukukochi chikule, komanso.
Kukula koyambirira kwa sayansi ya zachipatala makamaka cholinga chake chinali kutsimikizira kuti matenda ndi zikhoza kuchiritsidwa kapena kuchiritsidwa. Zaka 50 kapena 60 zapitazi, sayansi inayamba kuyang'ana maonekedwe a munthu monga njira yowonjezera mafunso ofunikira ofunikira chifukwa chake anthu amasiyana ndikukula kwawo.
Thupi laumunthu lina limayambanso kupitilira nthawi, komanso, nthawi zambiri poyankha mafunso alamulo. Mafunso onga, amene anabala mwana weniweni? Kapena magazi awo anapezeka pa chida cha kupha?
Kuchokera m'ma 1950s ndi '60s pamene DNA inapezeka kuti ndi maziko a maselo aumunthu, ndipo majini anapeza ngati maziko a DNA ndi chibadwidwe, choncho palibe anthu awiri omwe anali ndi maselo omwewo kapena DNA, asayansi anazindikira kuti akhoza kuyamba Yankhani ena mwa mafunsowa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati atapenda maonekedwe a gulu la anthu omwe ali ndi matenda omwewo, akhoza kuganiza zokhudzana ndi kufanana kwa majeremusi awo, komanso chifukwa chake majini awo anali osiyana ndi munthu amene alibe matendawa. Kapena, ngati ajambula DNA ya munthu, amatha kuyerekeza ndi DNA ya wina ndikudziwa ngati anthu awiriwa anali achibale.
Pofika m'chaka cha 2003, Ntchito ya Human Genome inatsirizidwa, ndipo asayansi adatha kuzindikira mtundu uliwonse wa thupi m'thupi la munthu. Asayansi ena anayamba kuwalumikiza ndi mavuto azachipatala omwe amachititsa. Ena mwa majeremusi oyambirira omwe amadziwika ndi matenda ndi majeremusi a BRCA , omwe amadziwika kuti amachititsa chitukuko cha khansa ya m'mawere . Zowonjezereka zowonjezereka za jini-matenda zikupangidwa tsiku ndi tsiku.
Pamene zinthu ziwirizi zimapezeka, asayansi angayambe kuona momwe zimakhudzira chitukuko cha matenda kapena zikhalidwe, ndipo mosakayikira, tsiku lina ndikukhala ndi njira zothetsera majini aja kuti apange mavuto awo azachipatala. Awa ndi masiku oyambirira a mankhwala ochiritsira . Mankhwala odzikonda amachititsa maonekedwe a munthu ndi zomwe zimakhudza njira zothandizira kupewa matenda, mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena mankhwala ena omwe amalinganiza ndi munthu pogwiritsa ntchito maonekedwe awo.
Kodi Pali Mitundu Yamtundu Wotani Yotani?
Zina za mayendedwe akhala akukhala kwa zaka zambiri. Kuyesedwa kwa magazi, malaya, tsitsi ndi khungu kwachitika kwa zaka makumi ambiri kuti adziwe chirichonse kuchokera kwa "whodunnit?" kwa abambo.
Ena akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zingapo. Mayeso owonetsetsa mafupa angachititse mwana asanakululuke kuti apange chidziwitso chokhudza ngati ana a makolo adzatha kukhala ndi matenda enaake. Asanayambe kusinthana, mkazi ndi mwamuna onse adzayesedwa kuyesa kuti adziwe ngati mwana wawo ali ndi matenda a chibadwa monga cystic fibrosis, selo yolonda, kapena matenda a Huntington. Akadziwa mwayi, akhoza kudziwa ngati ayenera kutenga pakati pa mwanayo.
Masiku ano mayesero atsopano akupangidwira kwa mitundu yambiri ya matenda omwe angatithandizire kudziwa za mbiri ya umoyo wathu komanso mwinamwake tidziwitse za tsogolo lathu la thanzi. Mayesero athandizidwa kuti adziwe chiopsezo cha munthu kuti adziwe matenda a Alzheimer , kuthamanga kwa magazi , kapena kansa ya m'mapapo , kapena mwachitsanzo. Mayesero amtundu uwu ali aang'ono, ndipo kwa ambiri, asayansi sagwirizana pa kulondola kwawo.
N'chifukwa Chiyani Pali Mafunso Okhudzana ndi Kuyezetsa magazi?
Pali mafunso ochepa okhudzana ndi kuyembekezera kwa majeremusi kwa umboni wamagazi, chizindikiritso cha makolo kapena ziganizo zisanayambe kubadwa chifukwa zimatsimikizirika ndipo zatsimikizira kuti zothandiza.
Mafunso amayamba kwa mayesero omwe sanaonepo phindu lawo. Ngakhale pamene jini ikhoza kugwirizana ndi matenda ena, ndipo ngakhale atatsimikiziridwa kuti winawake ali ndi jini imeneyo, izo sizimatsimikizira kuti munthu adzalandira matendawa. Ngakhale zitatha kutsimikizira kuti wina adzalandira matendawa, sipangakhale njira yothetsera chitukukochi kapena ngakhale kuwachitira ngati akukulitsa. Izi ndizimene zimakhudza "kuyesa" kwake.
Asayansi ndi ochita kafukufuku ali ndi chidwi choonetsetsa kuti kuyesedwa kwa majeremusi kumachitika pamene akukulitsa njira zowonjezereka kwa mankhwala odzipangira. Kuyesedwa komwe kumachitika, ndizowonjezera umboni wokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe kake, njira, ndi mankhwala omwe angathe kapena osagwira ntchito.
Koma lero, kulibe phindu lachipatala kwa odwala kuti ayambe kuyesedwa ndi majini awo pankhani ya kukula kwa matenda. Pali zochepa zosiyana-zomwe zimayesetsanso kudziwa za m'mawere ndi khansa zina, mwachitsanzo. Pakapita nthawi, mayesero atsopano, oyenerera kwambiri ndi masitepe otsatila adzakonzedwa kuti adziwe matenda ndi zikhalidwe zambiri.
Choncho, pali mafunso omwe angakhalepo ngati wina ali ndi majeremusi awo omwe akuyang'anira matendawa lero. Mudzafuna kudziwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti muyambe kuyesedwa.
Kodi Zotsatira za Kuyezetsa kwa Genetic ndi Ziti?
Pa mayesero omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse, monga chibadwidwe kapena kuyesedwa kwa ma ARV, pali zotsatira zabwino zabwino. Amayika anthu kuti azitha kudziŵa zomwe zimawathandiza kupanga chisankho chokhudzana ndi zam'tsogolo, zachuma, ndi zalamulo. Kukhala ndi chidziwitso chotsimikizika ndicho chotsimikizika cha anthu ambiri.
Izi ndizowonjezereka kwa mayesero omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zochitika zina monga matenda a BRCA. Akazi amene amadziwa kuti ali ndi zizindikiro zinazake komanso mwayi wodziteteza akhoza kutenga malingaliro molingana ndi chidziwitso chimenechi.
Ndipo ndicho chofunikira kwambiri "pro" kwa chidziwitso chilichonse choyesedwa. Ngati muli munthu amene akufuna kudziwa zowonjezereka kuti mutha kusankha zochita, ndiye kuti mungafune kuyesedwa. Mwachitsanzo, mukhoza kuyesedwa kuti mukhale ndi zizindikiro za majeremusi ku matenda a Alzheimer's. Ngati mumaphunzira thupi lanu lidzakhala ndi chizoloŵezi chokulitsa Matenda a Alzheimers, mukhoza kupanga zosankha muzaka zanu zazing'ono kuti mudzipatse mwayi wabwino wosayambitsa.
Chotsatira china chabwino ndi chakuti pokhala ndi majini anu akuyang'anitsitsa, chidziwitso chanu chidzaikidwa mu deta yazomwe mungapatsane nawo ochita kafukufuku ndi asayansi padziko lonse lapansi. Akuphunzira zambiri za momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mfundoyi kuti ayambe kulandira chithandizo kuti athandize ana athu, ana awo ndi zina zotero m'tsogolomu. Ndipotu, anthu ena amafunitsitsa kuti ayesetse kupititsa patsogolo sayansi, poganiza kuti izi zidzapindulitsa mbadwa zawo.
Kodi Chiopsezo cha Ma Genetic ndi chiyani?
Chifukwa chakuti zambiri za ma ARV ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi umunthu ndi zatsopano, palinso mafunso ambiri omwe sangathe kutero. Komanso, popeza mayesero ambiri a chibadwa amachititsa mafunso ambiri, m'malo momapereka mayankho, angapangitse mavuto ambiri kuposa momwe amathetsera. Komanso, pali zifukwa zambiri zokhudzana ndi ma genetic, komanso zambiri zomwe zimadalira zolakwika.
Nazi mafunso omwe akusonyeza mavuto omwe angakhale nawo:
- Mayeserowa ndi olondola motani? Palibe njira zolondola kwa ambiri, makamaka, omwe akulosera za tsogolo lanu labwino. Nenani kuti mwayesedwa kuti mungathe khansa yamapapo ndikudziŵa kuti mungakulitse tsiku lina. Mumasuta kusuta ndipo simukuyamba kusuta. Koma simungadziwe ngati mayeserowa anali olondola kapena olakwika kuyamba nawo chifukwa mudatenga njira zoti musayambe.
- Ndani angatembenuzire chidziwitso? Dokotala angakulamulireni mayeso enaake, kapena mungadzipangire nokha pa intaneti, kapena kugula imodzi m'sitolo. Ndani angakambirane zotsatira zanu? Geneticists amaphunzitsidwa kuti achite kumasulira kwake, ndipo malinga ngati mutagwiritsa nthawi ndi wina kuti mudziwe zomwe zotsatira zikutanthawuza, mukhoza kuphunzira chinachake kuchokera kwa iwo. Koma madokotala ambiri samaphunzitsidwa kuti amvetse. Ngati zotsatira zifika mu makalata, muyenera kuchita kafukufuku wanu kuti mumvetse mayankho. Zoonadi, mapepalawa adzaphatikizanso otsutsa omwe sangakhale otsimikizika. Kuwonjezera apo, pangakhale zolakwitsa podziyesera.
- Ndani ali ndi chidziwitso cha jini? Mutha kukhala mwini wanu, wodwalayo, koma akulamulidwa ndi ena. Kapena akhoza kukhala a eni ake omwe akuyesera, pomwe angathe kuchita zomwe akufuna ndizo - kusunga, kugulitsa, kugawa nawo - chilichonse chimene akufuna. Pali malamulo ochepa omwe amakhudza zokhudzana ndi chibadwa mpaka pano. Malamulo amene alipo, GINA, amatsutsa chisankho ndi ma genetic okha.
- Kodi chidziwitso chayekha ndi chiyani? Chifukwa kuyesedwa kuli kwatsopano, malamulo salipo kuti adziwe mmene chidziwitsocho chingagwiritsidwe ntchito, choncho ngakhale ngakhale malamulo a chitetezo ndi chitetezo a HIPAA angagwiritsidwe ntchito.
- Kodi mungatani ndi zomwe mukudziŵa? Zambiri mwazoyezetsa matendawa zimapangitsa zotsatira zowonongeka, ndi njira zina zopewera zowononga kuchepetsa thupi, osasuta fodya, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso ena - njira zonse zabwino ngakhale mutayesedwa. Komanso palibe mankhwala ochiritsidwa chifukwa cha mayesero awa-mayesero omwe potsirizira pake adzatengera njira zoyenerera kwa odwala. Ndi zochepa zochepa, mankhwala ochiritsira okhawo sapezeka panobe.
Pamene nthawi ikupitirira, mayesero ambiri adzakhazikitsidwa, malamulo ena adzalengedwera kuwathetsa, ndipo mankhwala omwe angasankhidwe mwaokha adzakhala njira yowathandiza kuti athe kuchiritsa anthu. Koma pakalipano, odwala ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa ubwino ndi kupweteka kwa mayeso awo a chibadwa kuti adziwe ngati ndizo zoyenera kwa iwo.