Magazini ya Time inakondwerera kuti pulojekiti ya Time inkawonekera pamsika, pamene inayamba kuchitika m'chaka cha 2008. Komabe, pafupifupi zaka khumi pambuyo pake, akutsutsanabe kwambiri. Sayansi yamankhwalayi ndi gawo la mankhwala opangidwa payekha. Ikulonjeza kuti zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi chibadwa cha umoyo wathu, komanso kutithandiza kuti tikwanitse kusankha bwino.
Chiŵerengero chochuluka cha makampani padziko lonse akupereka zipangizo za DNA zosiyana ndi matenda ndi matenda. Ogwiritsa ntchito tsopano akutha kupeza mauthenga awo achibadwa popanda kukhudza dokotala ndi / kapena kampani ya inshuwalansi. Koma, kodi kukhutiritsa chikhumbo chathu chokhudzana ndi mayesero apamtundu wam'banja ndi chisankho chabwino?
Ngakhale kuyesedwa kwapakhomo ndi njira yowonjezera yomwe yakhala ikupindulitsa kwambiri, akatswiri amachenjezanso za kuopsa kwake ndi zolephera zake. Kawirikawiri, mayeserowa amapereka chidziwitso chosakwanira kapena chosamveka. Izi zimakhala zochititsa mantha kwambiri popeza ogula sadziwa nthawi zonse zotsatira zawo ndipo angathe kupanga zovuta zokhudzana ndi thanzi popanda chitsogozo cha akatswiri. Komanso, kuyesa kwa majini kumapereka nzeru zochepa chabe.
Kuti timvetse bwino momwe timachitira ndi matenda, zifukwa zina ziyenera kuonongedwanso, monga chilengedwe, mbiri ya banja, ndi zosankha za moyo. Akatswiri ambiri amavomereza kuti mayesero obwereza, omwe amapatsa odziwa zambiri za chiopsezo chawo chokhala ndi thanzi labwino, akupereka njira zatsopano, zademokratikiti zoyezetsa magazi.
Komabe, mundawu ulipobe ndi mfundo zosiyana , ndipo mikangano yotentha pakati pa makampani ndi matupi olamulira akupitirira.
Kuchokera ku Ziyeso Zobalera Kuyesera Zowononga
M'mbuyomu, tinkadziŵa bwino zovuta zokhudzana ndi chiberekero, zomwe zinapereka chidziwitso cha chiopsezo cha mwana wamtsogolo wa matenda.
Tsopano, mayesero apamadzi omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi mankhwala omwe amadziwika nawo amakhala akufala. Mayeso a Presymptomatic amapereka chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi chibadwa chomwe chimatha kukhala ndi anthu omwe ali ndi jini. Mwachitsanzo, pafupifupi anthu onse omwe ali ndi zaka 40 kapena zambiri zobwereza za gawo la CAG mu feteleza ya Huntington adzakula matenda a Huntington (kutsekula kwathunthu). Kuyezetsa magazi , komano, kunena za chiopsezo chowonjezeka chokhala ndi chikhalidwe chifukwa cha kusintha kwa jini; palibe chitsimikizo kuti munthu amene akuyesedwa adzakula matendawa mtsogolomu.
Kuyesedwa kwa DNA kumsika kumagulitsidwa monga zovuta zowonongeka komanso zoyerekeza ndipo zimachitidwa kunja kwa dongosolo la chisamaliro cha dziko lonse. Ngati mutenga mayeserowa, muyenera kuzindikira kuti zotsatira zake sizimakhala zakuda ndi zoyera. Kawirikawiri, ogwiritsa ntchito (okhawo) amadziwa za mavuto awo. Malingana ndi zotsatira, iwo angafune kusintha khalidwe lawo (mwachitsanzo kudya omega-3 mafuta acids acids) kapena kutsatira mankhwala (mwachitsanzo, yang'anani nthawi zonse).
Kodi Zakudya Zam'madzi Zili Pamtunda Zimagwira Ntchito Motani?
Mutagula chiwerengero cha ma genetic, Dongosolo la kuyesa likufuna kuti mutenge chitsanzo cha saliva kapena swab kuchokera mkati mwa tsaya lanu.
Mwinanso, mungafunike kukachezera kuchipatala kuti mupereke chitsanzo cha magazi. Chitsanzocho chimabwereranso ku kampani yoyesera ndipo patapita masiku angapo mpaka masabata angapo, mumalandira zotsatira za momwe DNA yanu ikuyendera mu mawonekedwe a lipoti.
Kuyezetsa kunyumba kwa DNA kungapereke nzeru zochuluka, kuyambira pakufika kwa matenda ndi chonyamulira (chiopsezo chofalitsa matenda kwa ana) kulosera zamatenda ndi mtundu wa earwax. Zowonjezereka kwambiri ndi mayesero a nutrigenetic, omwe amakupatsani inu zakudya zomwe mukuganiza kuti zikugwirizana ndi DNA yanu.
Mtengo wa Kuyezetsa kwa Genetic Ukupitirira
Ngakhale kuti maselo onse amtunduwu (WGS) ndi okwera mtengo, zosankha zowonjezeka zimakhalapo.
Mwachitsanzo, n'zotheka kusankha njira yokha yogwiritsira ntchito nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) yokhala ndi mtengo wotsika mtengo, yomwe imapanga malo okhawo omwe amapezeka ndi matenda. SNP genotyping angapereke kulingalira za chiopsezo chanu chokhala ndi zikhalidwe zina.
Nyuzipepala ya Global Industry Analysts imanena kuti mu 2018, msika wapadziko lonse wa kuyesa kwapakhomo kwa maiko kudzafika $ 233 miliyoni. Makampani atatu otsogolera a DTC amaonedwa kuti ndi 23, a Family Tree DNA, ndi Ancestry. Mu 2017, 23ndiMe ndiye woyamba kulandila FDA kuti apange DNA kusanthula zinthu 10 popanda dokotala.
Makampani a DTC makamaka amalimbikitsa maukwati awo. Maphukugalamu a mtundu woterewu angapezeke pansi pa $ 100. Kuphatikizapo zambiri zachipatala kumabweretsa mtengo, mwachitsanzo, 23ndipo pano ndikupereka mankhwala + a $ 199. Makampani ambiri a DTC samapereka zolemba zonse za WGS.
Mayesero a Zachiberekero Akumtunda - Kuyesedwa ku Doc's Office
Chinthu chimodzi cha mayesero apanyumba omwe amakopeka kwa ogula ambiri ndikuti iwo sadziwika. Zotsatira sizimangokhala gawo la mbiri yanu yachipatala. "Kusankhana mafupa" ndi chinthu chimene sichinafotokozedwe bwino. Moyenera, anthu ena amadera nkhaŵa za chiopsezo choterechi chomwe angakhale nacho (monga kugwiritsa ntchito kuwonjezera ndalama za inshuwalansi ya moyo). Kuchokera mu 2009, lamulo la Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act lapita ku America, koma pakhala pali mayitanidwe atsopano kuti alimbikitse. Chifukwa chake, ambiri amawona mayesero odziimira okha monga njira yosungira chinsinsi chawo cha chibadwa.
Kuyesedwa kwa DTC kwagulitsidwa monga njira yomwe ingakuthandizeni kuti muzisamalira zosankha zanu zaumoyo. Komabe, kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti anthu amatha kudabwa ndi kuyesedwa kwa majeremusi omwe sagwiridwa ndi akatswiri azaumoyo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabungwe a boma. Kulephera kwa malamulo a boma komanso zotheka kutanthauzira molakwika za chibadwa chazinthu zatchulidwa ngati ziphuphu ziwiri za makina a DNA kunyumba. Komanso, chitetezo cha ogulitsa posachedwapa chikuda nkhawa. Ogulitsa akuwopa kuti deta yawo idzaperekedwe kwa makampani ena kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apitirize kufufuza popanda kudziwa kwawo.
Pulofesa wina wothandizira Christine Critchley wa ku yunivesite ya Swinburne ku Australia ndipo anzake a ku yunivesite ya Tasmania adayesa maganizo a anthu a ku Australia ku mayeso a DNA. Iwo ankafuna kudziwa ngati anthu amawaona mofananamo ndi mayesero omwe amalamulidwa ndi akatswiri awo azaumoyo. Zotsatira zawo zimasonyeza kuti anthu nthawi zambiri amagawana zovuta za akatswiri a zamoyo zokhudza DTC mayeso a ma genetic ndipo sangathe kulamulira chimodzi. Ophunzira mu phunziroli anali ndi nkhaŵa zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuphwanya kwachinsinsi ndi kusowa uphungu, komanso kulondola molingana ndi mayendedwe a majini operekedwa ndi madokotala. Komabe, maphunziro apitalo ku United States ndi Russia anawonetsa malingaliro abwino kwambiri pankhani yogula mayeso ogulitsa zamalonda. Anthu a ku America ndi a Russia akuwoneka kuti akhoza kuyesa mayeso oterewa pa intaneti.
Andelka Phillips wochokera ku Faculty of Law ya University of Oxford akulembanso za zovuta zalamulo zowonongeka kwa machitidwe a intaneti zomwe ndi zachilengedwe. Phillips akuwona kuti kusintha kulikonse mu chitetezo cha deta ndi chitetezo chazomwe chidzafuna mgwirizano wapadziko lonse.
Kulondola ndi Kutetezeka Kukula Kwambiri Kwambiri Kuyesedwa kwa Zapamtima
Kukhoza kulondola molondola komanso mosamalitsa kutsogolo kwa (kapena kupezeka) kwa matenda ndiko kudetsa nkhaŵa kwakukulu pokhudzana ndi kuyesa kunyumba. Ogulitsa ena amavomereza kulandira zotsatira zosiyana kuchokera ku makampani osiyanasiyana a DTC. Gulu la sayansi ya sayansi kuchokera ku J. Craig Venter Institute ndi Scripps Translational Science Institute inadziyerekezera ndi zitsanzo zisanu zomwe zinafotokozedwa ndi 23ndiMe ndi Navigenics.
Ngakhale zotsatira zawo zasonyeza kuti kulondola kwa zotsatira zoyipa kunali kwakukulu, makampani awiriwa anali osiyana kwambiri ndi maulendo awo okhudzana ndi chiopsezo kwa anthu omwewo. Navigenics ndi 23ndiMe anavomera chabe magawo awiri mwa magawo atatu a maulosi okhudzana ndi chiopsezo cha chikhalidwe. Mgwirizano wotsutsa ndi wabwino kwa matenda ena kuposa ena. Mwachitsanzo, makampani awiriwa adagwirizana pamene akulosera za ngozi ya matendawa . Mosiyana ndi izi, chifukwa cha matenda asanu ndi awiri-kuphatikizapo matenda a Crohn, mtundu wa shuga ndi matenda a mtima - mgwirizano unali 50% kapena osachepera.
Ochita kafukufuku amanena kuti izi zikusemphana ndi zizindikiro za makampani omwe akugwiritsa ntchito powerengera. Zolinga zomwe zimaphatikizapo zingakhale zosiyana; Choncho, zotsatira siziri zofanana. Nthaŵi zina, maulosi anali pambali zosiyana-kampani ina inaneneratu kuti chiopsezo chowonjezereka chidzawonjezeka, pamene chinacho chidzatsimikiziratu kuchepa.
Ambiri opanga ma ARV amatha kugwira ntchito kunja kwa dongosolo la chisamaliro chadziko. Mabala awo sakulamuliridwa ndipo nthawi zambiri, zotsatira sizikhala zogwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zothandiza. Zolakwika zingakhale ndi zotsatira zofunikira. Mwachitsanzo, kufotokoza koopsa kwambiri kungakupangitseni chinyengo chachinyengo, zomwe zimakhudza moyo wanu wosankha. Sitikumvetsetsanso zenizeni zomwe zimapereka chiopsezo ku matenda, kotero kuti kuganiza kuti kuli pamalo otetezeka kungakhale kovulaza. Choncho, akatswiri amanena kuti m'tsogolomu, payenera kukhala mbali yambiri kuchokera kwa akatswiri azaumoyo odziwa bwino ntchito komanso mauboma ambiri kuti athe kuwonjezera chitetezo ndi kudalirika.
Mmene Mungalimbanire ndi Zotsatira Zoipa
Pamene mayeso a chibadwa amalamulidwa ndi dokotala, wodwala nthawi zambiri amapeza uphungu wotsatila komanso woyesedwa. Ngakhale kuti makampani opima ma genetic DTC nthawi zambiri amalengeza pa webusaiti yawo, chithandizo chokwanira cha akatswiri sichiperekedwa kwa makasitomala awo.
Ofufuza ena adanena za nkhaŵa za maganizo ndi zokhudzana ndi khalidwe la kuyesa kwa majini. Mwachitsanzo, kudziwa kuti muli ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi khansa kungakupangitseni kuda nkhawa kapena kupanikizika (ngakhale simungayambe khansa). Zotsatira za mayesero zingathenso kuwonetsa chidziwitso kwa achibale ena omwe sangafune kudziwa.
Komabe, kafukufuku wina amasonyeza kuti kupeza zotsatira zoipa sikungathe kuwononga maganizo. Dr. Lidewij Henneman wa yunivesite ya Vrije ku Amsterdam anatsimikizira kuti kuyezetsa magazi kumayenderana ndi kupsinjika pang'ono ndipo pambuyo pozindikira, anthu posachedwa akubwerera ku maganizo awo akale. Henneman adanena kuti kulemba ndi kuwerenga kumakhala kochepa pakati pa ogula. Anthu ena amatha kunyalanyaza nthendayi kuti adziwe matenda, omwe amawatcha "chibadwa chokhazikika."
Mawu Ochokera
Akatswiri ambiri azachipatala amanena kuti kuyesa kwa majini kumachitika kokha ngati pali chithandizo chamankhwala; Mwachitsanzo, mbiri ya banja ya matenda kapena kukhala ndi mnzanu yemwe ndi chonyamulira. Mafunso oyenerera amatsindikanso kuyesa kwa majeremusi a ana, mwachitsanzo, kuyesa kwapamwamba kwa luso la ana. Malinga ndi bungwe la European Society of Human Genetics, kuyesedwa kwa majeremusi kwa munthu yemwe sangathe kupereka chilolezo kuyenera kuchitidwa ngati kuli ndi phindu lenileni kwa iyeyo. Choncho, kuyesedwa koyambirira kwa mwana kuyenera kuchitidwa kokha ngati pali chidziŵitso chodziŵa kuti adzalandira nthendayi, ngakhale apo, pokhapokha ngati pali njira zothandizira kapena zothandizira. Ena amanena kuti zikhalidwe zomwezo ziyenera kugwiranso ntchito kwa akuluakulu pa zifukwa zofanana.
> Zotsatira:
> Ajunwa I. Genetic Data ndi Ufulu Wachibadwidwe. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review , 2016; 51 (1): 75-114
> Critchley C, Nicol D, Otlowski M, Chalmers D. Anthu amachitapo kanthu kuti ayambe kugwiritsira ntchito mauthenga a pa intaneti pazomwe amagwiritsa ntchito: Kuyerekezera maganizo, chikhulupiliro ndi zolinga za ogulitsa ndi ogulitsa. Kumvetsetsa Pagulu kwa Sayansi , 2015; 24 (6): 731-750.
> Ng P, Venter J, Murray S, Levy S. Anakonza zochiritsira mankhwala. Nature , 2009; 461 (7265): 724-726.
> Phillips A. Kumbali kokha - DNA yokhudza makolo, thanzi, chikondi ... ndi zina: Kuwona malonda ndi malo otsogolera. Genomics yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi yomasuliridwa , 2016; 8: 16-22.
> Su P. Kuyezetsa kwa Odziwika kwa Mavitamini: Kuwona Kwambiri. Yale Journal ya Biology ndi Medicine . 2013; 86 (3): 359-365.
> Vrecar I, Peterlin B, Teran N, Lovrecic L. Kuyesedwa kwabwino kwa ogulitsa mankhwala ku Slovenia: kupezeka, zovuta komanso malamulo. Biochemia Medica , 2015; 25 (1): 84-89.