Pali Mitundu Yambiri ya ABA. N'chiyani Choyenera kwa Mwana Wanu?
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kanthu kafukufuku (ABA) kawirikawiri kumatchulidwa kuti "golide" muyezo wa autism mankhwala. Koma ali ndi zowononga. Anthu ena (makamaka apamwamba ogwira ntchito odziimira okha) amawona kuti njirayi imadetsa, ndipo nthawi zambiri imamuchitira nkhanza mwanayo.
Akatswiri ochepa amauza makolo kuti ABA ndi yabwino koposa kwa ana omwe ali ndi mitundu yambiri ya autism - ndipo amalimbikitsa chitukuko kapena kusewera m'malo mwa ABA.
Kupititsa patsogolo ndi kusewera mankhwalawa kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuyanjana, kulankhulana, ndi kukula kwa maganizo pamene ABA (zosadabwitsa) imayang'ana pa khalidwe lokha.
Chowonadi, ndi zoona, kuti ana angathe kulandira chithandizo chamankhwala ndi chitukuko, kotero kusankha sikofunikira kwenikweni. Koma kodi ABA siyeneratu kuti ana apamwamba azigwira ntchito ndi autism?
Chifukwa Chake Palibe "Woposa" Kusintha kwa Machitidwe
Kuchita khalidwe, mwachindunji, ndi njira yokhayo yophunzitsira khalidwe lofunikirako powapatsa mphotho zotsatila (kapena zotsatira za kusamvera, ngakhale kulimbikitsidwa kolakwika kwakhala kotchulidwa zaka zaposachedwapa). Timagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera kuchita ngati timanena kuti "mutha kumwa mapeyala anu," kapena "mukhoza kupita ndi anzanu mukamatsuka chipinda chanu." Malo ogwira ntchito amagwiritsira ntchito njira zamakhalidwe pamene amapereka zolimbikitsa kuti akwaniritse zolinga zinazake.
Chithandizo cha khalidwe n'chothandiza kwa ana ambiri omwe ali ndi autism.
Cholinga cha chithandizo cha khalidwe ndi kuthandiza ana kuti agwirizane ndi luso lawo lachilendo. Pulogalamuyi ndiyodziwika kuti ikhale ndi mphamvu ndi malo omwe ali ofooka kwa mwana aliyense. Choncho, ngakhale ana opambana amapindula ndi chithandizo cha khalidwe.
Chifukwa chiyani ABA Sungaperekedwe Mwachilungamo kwa Mwana Wanu
ABA ndi njira yokha yophunzitsira ana ndi autism. Momwemo, nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa pa nkhani ya "classist classroom" yomwe imathandiza makamaka ana omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zoopsa. Ana ambiri omwe amathera masiku awo mu "sukulu ya autism" amathera nthawi yochepa kapena osakhala ndi nthawi yambiri ya maphunziro. Ngati muli ndi mwana wodalirika yemwe ali ndi nzeru komanso makhalidwe omwe angathe kuphunzira mu sukulu ya sukulu , maphunziro a "autism classroom" angakhale osauka .
ABA ikhoza kuperekedwanso mu malo amodzi ndi amodzi. Izi zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri kwa mwana yemwe akuphunzira luso lofunikira kwambiri kapena amene sangathe kuchita nawo anzanga pabwalo kapena malo ena. Kwa mwana wapamwamba, komabe, ABA iyenera kuperekedwa mu malo enieni. Ngati ABA odwala sangathe kapena sakufuna kugwira ntchito ndi mwana wanu pachilengedwe , ABA ikhoza kukhala yoyenera.
Malingana ndi Lovaas Institute ndi ABA ambiri othandizira, ABA iyenera kuperekedwa maola ochuluka pa sabata ( maola 40 ndi "abwino" ). Pa msinkhu uwu wa mphamvu, sizingatheke kuti mwana athe kutenga nawo mbali pa china chirichonse kupatula chithandizo kunja kwa sukulu.
Palibe masewera, nyimbo, nthawi yochepa - pokhapokha odwala ABA akugwira ntchito ndi mwanayo panthawi yomwe akuchita sukulu. Ngati muli ndi mwana yemwe angathe kutenga nawo mbali pazochitika zomwe, ndi ABA zingachititse kuti ntchito izi zisatheke, ABA ikhoza kusankha bwino.
Momwe ABA Iyenera Kudzisankhira Mwana Wopambana
Kodi n'zotheka kuti mwana wa autistic akhale wapamwamba kwambiri-ogwiritsira ntchito Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)?
Lovaas Institute, yomwe imaphatikizapo (ndipo inapanga upainiya) ABA kwa autism, imapereka chidziwitso ichi:
Kawirikawiri, pali deta yaing'ono yomwe imapezeka pazoonedwa ndi anzawo, zofukufuku zomwe zikufaniziranso zotsatira za khalidwe la "ana otsika kwambiri" ndi "ana apamwamba".
Mosasamala, mfundo izi ziyenera kupangidwa:
- Cholinga cha chithandizo cha khalidwe ndi kuthandiza ana kuti agwirizane ndi luso lawo lachilendo. Kuchita chithandizo sikuti ndi pulogalamu yophunzitsa mwana kulankhula, kapena kupempha, kapena kulemba zinthu. Ndi pulogalamu yambiri yomwe imakhudzanso ndi kuphunzitsa makhalidwe ovuta komanso maluso monga chidziwitso cha nkhope ndi anthu ena, osamvetsetsa, komanso kukambirana ndi anzanu m'malo osiyanasiyana zofuna zambiri .
- Thandizo la khalidwe lingamawoneke mosiyana kwambiri ndi mwana "wotsika kwambiri" ndi "wothamanga kwambiri " ndi autism. Kuphatikiza pa mayesero ovuta, njira zina zowonongeka monga kuphunzitsa mwatsatanetsatane, kujambula mavidiyo, ndi kuwonetsa zinthu zachilengedwe zingakhale zolimbikitsidwa kwambiri.
- Thandizo labwino limayesetsa kuthandizira mwana kuti aphunzire zinthu zosakonzedweratu m'tsogolo (mwachitsanzo, mu magulu a anzako). Komabe, ngakhale m'zinthu zochepazi, mfundo zoyendetsera khalidwe ndizofunika kwambiri kuti mwana apambane. Zina mwa mfundozi zikuphatikizapo: 1) kufotokoza makhalidwe oyenerera kuti asinthe, 2) kufufuzira ntchito za makhalidwe osayenera, 3) kulimbitsa makhalidwe abwino, ndi 4) kuyendera nthawi zonse.
Mwachidule, makolo omwe amaletsa kulandira chithandizo chifukwa amauza mwana wawo kale "akuyenda bwino" akhoza kuphonyapo mosavuta. Gulu lolemekezeka lomwe limagwirizana ndi khalidwe labwino la ana omwe ali ndi autism ayenera kuyesa mwanayo ndikukambirana ndi makolo zolinga zenizeni ndi njira zophunzitsira zochokera pa mphamvu ndi zosowa za mwana wawo. Makolo angathe kusankha momwe mwana wawo kapena mwana wawo amachitira.
> Zotsatira:
> Cohen, Howard, Amerine-Dickens, Mila, Smith, Tristram. (2006). Kuchiza Kwachidwi Kwambiri: Kutengeka kwa chitsanzo cha UCLA mumakhalidwe a anthu. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 27 (2), 145-155.
> Downs, Andrew & Smith, Tristram. (2004). Kumvetsetsa Maganizo, Kugwirizana, ndi Khalidwe Labwino mu Ana Ogwira Ntchito Opambana ndi Autism. Journal of Autism ndi Developmental Disorders, 34 (6), 625-635.
> Lovaas, OI (1987). Mchitidwe wamakhalidwe ndi ntchito zachizolowezi za maphunziro ndi zaluso kwa ana aang'ono autistic. Journal of Consulting ndi Clinical Psychology, 55, 3-9.
> Smith, T., Groen, AD, Wynn, JW (2000). Kuyesedwa kwachidziwitso kwa kuthandizira kwambiri kwa ana omwe ali > akufala > vuto la chitukuko. Journal of American Retarding Mind, 105, 269-85.
> Sallows, Glen O. & Graupner, Tamlynn D. (2005). Kuchiza Makhalidwe Abwino kwa Ana ndi Autism: Zotsatira za Zaka Zinayi ndi Zotsutsa. Magazini ya American pa Kutaya Maganizo, 110 (6), 417-438.