Zizindikiro za Anthu pa Mapeto Otsiriza a Autism Spectrum
Palibe mankhwala omwe amatchedwa "mild autism." Koma pali anthu ambiri a mibadwo yonse omwe auzidwa ndi winawake (dokotala, odwala, kapena bwenzi labwino) kuti ali ndi autism yofatsa. Kodi kwenikweni anthu amagwiritsa ntchito mawu otani?
The Confusing History of Autism kapena High Functioning Autism
Kubwerera mu 1980, "infantile autism" amatanthauzira, nthawi zonse, ngati matenda aakulu ndi olepheretsa.
Palibe amene ali ndi matenda a autism angayembekezere kupambana kusukulu, kupanga abwenzi, kapena kugwira ntchito. Mu 1994 matenda atsopano, Asperger's Syndrome, adawonjezeredwa ku bukhu la matenda. Anthu omwe ali ndi Asperger's Syndrome, omwe amawoneka ngati autistic, akhoza kukhala owala, olankhula, ndi okhoza.
Mu 2013, ndondomeko za matendawa zinasinthidwanso. Asperger's Syndrome yawonongeka, ndipo, mmalo mwake, bukuli tsopano likuphatikizapo vuto limodzi la anthu onse okhala ndi autism: autism spectrum disorder . Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a autism amatha kuchepa kapena sangathe kulankhula mofulumira, kulankhula movutikira, zochitika zosadziwika, kapena zizindikiro zina. Ngakhale kuti anthu onse okhala ndi matenda a autism amavutika ndi kulankhulana kwabwino, mavutowa amachokera ku zowonongeka (anthu osalankhulidwa ndi khalidwe laukali) kwa ochepa (mavuto ndi kuwerenga, mawu okhudzana ndi mawu, chilankhulo cha thupi, ndi zina zotero).
Ngakhale vuto latsopano la autism spectrum likuphatikizapo "magulu othandizira," lingaliro loti ena ali ndi "level 1 autism" silinagwire kwenikweni-makamaka chifukwa palibe amene amadziwa chomwe izi zikutanthauza. Anthu ambiri apitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "Asperger syndrome," koma ngakhale mawu awa sakutanthawuza chinthu chimodzimodzi monga kugwira ntchito mwakuya kapena ubweya wofatsa.
Kodi Zizindikiro ndi Zizindikiro za Kuthamanga Kwambiri N'chiyani?
Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a autism amafunika kukhala ndi zizindikiro zina kuti athe kupeza matendawa. Ngakhale anthu omwe ali ndi ubweya wofatsa, ali ndi mavuto akuluakulu okhudzidwa ndi ovuta omwe amatha kukhala nawo pazochita zachiyanjano ndi maubwenzi.
Ngakhale kuti zizindikiro izi ziyenera kukhalapo asanakwanitse zaka zitatu, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuti zizindikilo zoopsa zisamveke mpaka mwana atakula (makamaka kwa atsikana). Ngati zizindikiro zikuwonekera kanthawi yoyamba mwana atakwanitsa zaka zitatu, sangayenere kukhala ndi matenda a autism. Komabe, amatha kupezeka ndi vuto lalikulu la Social Communications Disorder.
Ngati mwana ali ndi autistic, zizindikiro zake ziphatikizapo:
- Mavuto ndi kuyankhulana kumbuyo komwe kumaphatikizapo kuvutika ndi kukambirana, thupi, kuyang'ana maso, ndi / kapena nkhope.
- Kuvuta kukulitsa ndi kusunga maubwenzi, nthawi zambiri chifukwa chovuta kusewera, kupanga zibwenzi, kapena kugawana nawo zofuna.
- Kukonda kubwereza zomwezo, zochita, kayendetsedwe ka mawu, kapena mawu mobwerezabwereza, ngakhale ngati palibe chifukwa chomveka chochitira zimenezo (kubwereza masewero mobwerezabwereza ndi chitsanzo choyambirira);
- Zofuna zochepa zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta (chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi mwana wa autistic amene wapatulidwa ku masewero a pakompyuta pa zomwe amadziwa zonse zomwe akudziwa);
- Kusokoneza maganizo kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika (mwina sadziwa kapena kumangokhalira kumva mawu, kuwala, kununkhira, kupweteka, kugwira, etc.)
Kodi Anthu Amatanthauza Chiyani Akamanena Kuti 'Kuthamanga Kwambiri'?
Kotero, kodi dokotala, mphunzitsi, kapena kholo amatanthauza chiyani pamene akunena kuti mwana wawo (kapena mwana wanu) ali ndi "wofatsa" autism? Popeza palibe tanthawuzo lovomerezeka la mawu akuti "wofatsa autism," munthu aliyense amene akugwiritsa ntchito ali ndi lingaliro losiyana ndi lomwe limatanthauza.
- Nthawi zina mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene munthu ali ndi autistic, komanso ali ndi chiyankhulo chofunikira komanso maluso ena. Mwachitsanzo, "Joey ndi wokongola kwambiri ndipo amachita bwino m'kalasi, koma chifukwa ali ndi autism wofatsa amakhala ndi nthawi yovuta kupanga mabwenzi."
- Mawuwo angagwiritsidwenso ntchito mobwerezabwereza kufotokoza mwana yemwe mavuto ake sakhala ofatsa, koma amene ali ndi mawu ochepa chabe. Mwachitsanzo: "Ndine wokondwa kuona mwana wanu akugwiritsa ntchito manja manja kuti afunse madzi; amatha kupuma ndi autism yochepa."
- Mawuwo angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kuti athandize kufotokoza zosankha za chithandizo. Mwachitsanzo: "Mwana wanu ali ndi ubweya wochepa kwambiri, choncho akhoza kuchita bwino pochita masewera olimbitsa thupi kusiyana ndi mankhwala othandiza kwambiri."
Pofuna kuti zinthu zikhale zovuta kwambiri, munthu yemwe ali ndi "mild autism" akhoza kukhala ndi luso lapadera loyankhulana komanso luso la maphunziro, koma amachedwa kuchepetsa maluso a anthu , zovuta zokhudzana ndi maganizo , komanso / kapena zovuta kwambiri ndi maluso a bungwe. Chotsatira chake, munthu yemwe ali ndi "wofatsa" autism angapeze sukulu yaumwini kapena zochitika za ntchito zovuta kwambiri kuposa munthu amene ali ndi vuto lalikulu la chinenero koma mavuto ochepa chabe okhudza maganizo.
Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani munthu wophunzira kwambiri, wophunzira chinenero chokhazikika omwe akungoyankha mayankho m'kalasi ndipo amamveka phokoso loyeretsa kapu kapena kuwala kwa babu. Yerekezerani munthu woteroyo ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi mavuto aakulu ndi ophunzira koma ali ndi zochepa zokha ndi mawu kapena kuwala, ndipo alibe vuto kutsatira malamulo. Ndi munthu uti amene ali ndi "zizindikiro zoopsa"? Yankho, ndithudi, ndiloti zimadalira momwe zinthu zilili komanso zochitikazo.
Kodi Zowonongeka Zowona Zimathandizira Bwanji Kuzimitsa Autism?
Njira zothandizira matenda a DSM-5 zimapereka chithandizo pa funsoli chifukwa zimaphatikizapo " magawo atatu ogwira ntchito " pofotokoza kuopsa kwa autism. Anthu omwe ali "ofatsa" autistic amaonedwa kuti ndi ofanana 1, kutanthauza kuti amafunika thandizo lochepa kuti akhale moyo wabwino.
Koma, ndithudi, izo zikusocheretsa chifukwa anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi "wofatsa" autism angafunike chithandizo chochuluka malinga ndi mkhalidwewo. Mwachitsanzo, munthu yemwe ali ndi "ubwino" autism akhoza kukhala ndi luso lamalankhulidwe koma alibe luso lowerenga liwu la thupi la munthu wina kapena maganizo ake . Chotsatira chake, anthu ambiri okhala ndi "autism" amadzipangitsa kukhala ovuta ndi zosiyana ndi akazi, ndi ntchito kapena akusukulu, kapena ngakhale apolisi.
Kodi Pali Zipatala Zopangira Autism?
Monga ndi mtundu uliwonse wa autism, mankhwala oyenera ndi awa:
- khalidwealrapy (amagwiritsa ntchito mphoto kuti aphunzitse zoyenera kapena zoyenera kuchita)
- masewera kapena chithandizo chamakono (amagwiritsa ntchito zochitika zolimbana ndi malingaliro kuti apange luso komanso maganizo)
- mankhwala ochiritsira (pali mankhwala omwe amachititsa zizindikiro monga nkhawa ndi maganizo omwe angayanjane ndi autism yofatsa)
- mankhwala othandizira (odwala autism, mankhwala opatsirana kawiri kaŵirikaŵiri amakhudzana ndi luso la kukambirana, chinenero cha thupi, ndi zina zotero)
- chithandizo cha ntchito (nthawi zambiri chimathandiza pazinthu zovuta)
- mankhwala othandiza thupi (ana ambiri omwe ali ndi autism ali ndi minofu yochepa kapena amakhala ovuta)
Ana ena omwe ali ndi autism angathandizenso ndi mankhwala okhudzana ndi mavuto monga kugwedezeka, vuto la m'mimba, mavuto okhudza kugona, ndi zina monga vuto lopanikizika. Mavuto amenewa sali mbali ya autism pa se, koma amapezeka pakati pa ana autistic.
Mawu Ochokera
Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti mawu akuti "mild autism" sali othandiza makamaka, ngakhale kuti ndi ofanana. Chowonadi ndi chakuti "zizindikiro zofatsa" zingayambitse mavuto aakulu mmalo oyankhulana, maubwenzi, ntchito, ndi kudziimira. Zikhozanso kuthandizidwa ndi mavuto akuluakulu: Anthu ambiri okhala ndi "autism" amakhalanso akuvutika ndi nkhawa, kupanikizika, matenda osokoneza maganizo, ndi matenda ena.
Kuti mumvetsetse zovuta za autism, peŵani kupanga machitidwe monga mawu akuti "autism yofatsa." M'malo mwake, funsani mafunso enieni, enieni pazovuta za munthu, zamagulu, zamaganizo, ndi zamakhalidwe . Ndiye, funsani za mphamvu za munthu, maluso, ndi zofuna zake.
Zotsatira:
> Faras H, Al Ateeqi N, Tidmarsh L. Matenda a Autism ochuluka. Ann Saudi Med. 2010 Jul-Aug; 30 (4): 295-300. lembani: 10.4103 / 0256-4947.65261.
> H azen, EP ndi al. Zozizwitsa zosonyeza kuvutika kwa autism spectrum. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2014 Mar-Apr; 22 (2): 112-24.
> Reaven, Judy. "Kuchiza kwa zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi nkhawa ndi unyamata ndi zovuta kwambiri za autism spectrum: Kuganizira kwambiri za makolo". Kafukufuku wa Ubongo . 2011. 1380: 255-63.