ABA ikhoza kuphunzitsa luso ndikusintha makhalidwe.
ABA ndi yochepa kwa Applied Behavioral Analysis, ndipo nthawi zambiri imatchulidwa kuti ndi "golidi" ya mankhwala a autism. Kufufuza Khalidwe Labwino (ABA) ndi njira ya autism yokhazikika pogwiritsa ntchito ziphunzitso za khalidwe, zomwe zimangoti, "makhalidwe abwino" angaphunzitsidwe kupyolera mu njira ya mphoto ndi zotsatira (kapena, posachedwapa, mphoto ndi kulepheretsa mphoto).
Tanthauzo limodzi la njirayi limafotokoza izi motere:
- Amagwiritsidwa ntchito - mfundo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku khalidwe lapadera
- Makhalidwe - pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo za sayansi
- Kusanthula - Kupita patsogolo kumayesedwa komanso kusintha kunasinthidwa
Mbiri ya ABA
Dr. Ivar Lovaas, katswiri wa zamaganizo, adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ABA ku autism ku Dipatimenti ya Psychology ku UCLA mu 1987. Iye amakhulupirira kuti maluso a chikhalidwe ndi makhalidwe abwino angaphunzitsidwe, ngakhale kwa ana otchuka, kudzera mu njira ya ABA. Lingaliro linali (ndipo liri) kuti autism ndi chizindikiro cha makhalidwe omwe angasinthidwe kapena "kutulutsidwa." Pamene machitidwe a autistic sakuonekera kwa wowona, lingaliro ndi lakuti autism yokha yathandizidwa bwino.
Pamene adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ABA, Lovaas sanazengereze kugwiritsira ntchito chilango chifukwa chosamvera, zina zomwe zingakhale zovuta kwambiri. Njirayi yasinthidwa nthawi zambiri, koma ikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'makonzedwe ena.
Komabe, "chilango" chachotsedwa m'malo mwa "kulepheretsa mphoto." Mwachitsanzo, mwana yemwe samayankha bwino "lamulo" (lamulo) sangalandire mphotho (reinforcer) monga chakudya chomwe amakonda.
Zomwe aliyense angaganize pa njira ya Lova (ndipo anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ABA ndi amwano komanso osagwirizana), lingaliro lake linakhala lolondola: ambiri ngati ana ambiri omwe amalandira maphunziro a ABA amphamvu amaphunzira kuchita moyenera nthawi zina - - ndipo ena amataya matenda a autism pambuyo pa zaka zambiri za mankhwala aakulu.
Kaya kuphunzira zoyenera kuchita ndi chinthu chimodzimodzi monga "kuchiritsidwa" ndi funso lovuta.
Patapita nthawi, njira za Lovaas zawerengedwa ndikusinthidwa ndi odwala omwe ali ndi masomphenya osiyana a makhalidwe. Njira monga "yankho lofunikira" ndi "ABA" lazinenero zakhala zikukhazikitsa bwino mankhwala a autism okha.
Kodi Ana Angaphunzire Chiyani Kupyolera mwa ABA?
Nthawi zambiri, ABA cholinga chake ndi "kuzimitsa" makhalidwe osayenera ndi kuphunzitsa makhalidwe okhumba ndi luso. Mwachitsanzo, ABA ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kupsa mtima ndi kuvuta kapena kuphunzitsa mwana kukhala chete, kugwiritsira ntchito mawu kuti apemphe, kapena kuyembekezera nthawi yawo. ABA ikhozanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa luso losavuta komanso lovuta. Mwachitsanzo, ABA ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupereka mphoto kwa mwana chifukwa chokamwa mano molondola, kapena kugawana chidole ndi mnzanu.
Ngakhale ABA ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu malo achilengedwe (malo ochitira masewero, mwachitsanzo), sichimangidwe kumanga maganizo kapena chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, pamene ABA ingaphunzitse mwana kugwirana chanza kapena kumulonjera munthu wina ndi dzanja lake, sizingamuthandize mwanayo kumverera kukhudzana ndi munthu wina. Zimatengera wodabwitsa wamaphunziro kuti agwiritse ntchito ABA pophunzitsa maphunziro, kulingalira kapena kulingalira, kapena chifundo; Zotsatira zake, luso limeneli limaphunzitsidwa m'njira zina.
Momwe ABA Amagwirira Ntchito
Njira yofunika kwambiri ya Lovaas imayamba ndi "mayesero ovuta". Dandaulo losavuta lili ndi wodwalayo wopempha mwana kuti achite khalidwe linalake (mwachitsanzo, "Johnny, chonde tengani supuni"). Ngati mwanayo amatsatira, amapatsidwa "mphamvu" kapena mphotho ngati mankhwala ochepa, zakudya zisanu, kapena mphotho ina yomwe imatanthauza mwana. Ngati mwanayo satsatira, salandira mphothoyo , ndipo mayesero akubwerezedwa.
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti zenizeni za discrete test treatment zimapangidwa pa kuyesedwa kwa mwana aliyense, zosowa zake, ndi luso lake.
Kotero mwana yemwe ali kale wokhoza kupanga mawonekedwe sangafunsidwe kuti apange mawonekedwe kwamuyaya chifukwa cha mphotho - koma angaganizire ntchito zosiyanasiyana, zovuta komanso zamakhalidwe komanso zovuta.
Ana aang'ono kwambiri (osachepera zaka zitatu) amalandira mawonekedwe a ABA omwe ali pafupi kwambiri kusewera mankhwala kusiyana ndi mayesero ovuta. Akamayesetsa kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino, aphunzitsi ophunzitsidwa bwino ayamba kutengera ana ku zochitika zenizeni zenizeni kumene angapangitse makhalidwe awo omwe aphunzira ndikuwaphatikizapo pazochitika zachikhalidwe. ABA ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito, mwa njira yambiri, ndi ana okalamba, achinyamata, kapena akuluakulu .
Kodi N'koyenera kwa Mwana Wanu?
ABA ili paliponse, nthawi zambiri imakhala yaulere, ndipo imathandiza ana okhala ndi autism kugwiritsa ntchito makhalidwe omwe akuyembekezeredwa ndi kuwongolera zina mwazovuta zawo. Maluso a khalidweli angapangitse kusiyana kwakukulu kwa momwe mwana wanu amachitira bwino maphunziro a sukulu ndi zachikhalidwe.
Koma si onse opanga ABA omwe ali oyenerera pa ntchitoyi, ndipo si mwana aliyense amayankha bwino ku mankhwala opatsirana.
Mofanana ndi njira zambiri za autism, ABA ndithudi ndi yoyenera kuyesedwa. Musanayambe, onetsetsani kuti mwana wanu akuphunzitsidwa, kudziwa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito ndi mwana wanu, ndikugwira ntchito ndi wothandizira wanu kuti akonze zolinga zoyenerera. Yang'anirani njira ndi zotsatira.
Chofunika kwambiri, dziwani yankho la mwana wanu kwa wodwala komanso mankhwala. Kodi ali wokondwa pamene "ayamba" kugwira ntchito ndi wodwalayo? Kodi akuyankha kwa wodwalayo ndi kumwetulira ndi kugwirizana? Kodi akuphunzira luso lomwe limamuthandiza pa moyo wake wa tsiku ndi tsiku? Ngati mayankhowo ali "inde," mukuyenda m'njira yolondola. Ngati sichoncho, ndi nthawi yoti musinthe.
> Zotsatira:
Smith, T. et al. Kugwiritsa ntchito kachitidwe kachitidwe ka autism. J Wodwala. 2009 Jul; 155 (1): 151-2.
> Granpeesheh, D. et al. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kafukufuku wa mankhwala. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2009 Jul-Sep; 21 (3): 162-73.