Zizindikiro ndi Mayesero a Autism High Function
Simunamvetsepo pang'ono, ndipo m'malo mwake mungalankhule ndi kompyuta kuposa munthu wina. Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti muli ndi Asperger Syndrome (AS)? Kwenikweni, kuyambira kufotokoza kwa njira zatsopano zogwiritsira ntchito, palibe mankhwala omwe amatchedwanso Asperger Syndrome. Koma ndizotheka kuti ndinu wamkulu yemwe amadziwidwa ndi mawonekedwe ofooketsa (autism) a autism spectrum disorder (kapena matenda ofanana kapena ofanana).
Zizindikiro za Kuthamanga Kwambiri kwa Autism mu Achikulire
Ngati ndinu wamkulu yemwe mwakwanitsa kupititsa kusukulu ya sekondale kapena ku koleji ndi kupeza kapena kugwira ntchito (ngakhale ndi zizindikiro zomwe zingagwirizane ndi autism), mwayi wanu autism ndi wofatsa. "Wofatsa" kapena wotchuka kwambiri autism, komabe, zingakhale zovuta kwambiri. Ndichifukwa chakuti zizindikiro zambiri zimakhudzana ndi kulankhulana kwa anthu komanso kuyankhulana kwachinsinsi -ndipo ngati mutachoka kwanu m'zaka za zana la 21, mukuyenera kuti muzichita nawo limodzi ndi kulimbana ndi ziwawa zambiri m'dera lililonse .
Zizindikiro Za Kulankhulana Pagulu
Izi ndi zina mwa zizindikiro zomwe mungakumane nazo tsiku ndi tsiku. Angakhalenso zizindikiro zomwe mudakumana nazo ngati mwana koma adaphunzira kusamalira nthawi. Zingaphatikizepo izi:
- Kuvuta ndi kutanthauzira "malo obisika" mmalo mwa chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, aliyense koma inu mumawoneka mwanjira inayake mukudziwa nthawi yoti muyankhule, nthawi yoti mukhale chete, chovala, ndi mawu otani omwe mungagwiritse ntchito.
- Zovuta ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mlingo woyenera kapena mau a mawu, kapena kusankha mawu "olondola" pazochitika. Mwachitsanzo, mungagwiritse ntchito chilankhulidwe chosavuta kumva, lankhulani mokweza m "mthunzi" wamtendere, "kapena gwiritsani ntchito mawu ofunika kwambiri pamene mukukumva kuti muli ndi mphamvu.
- Kukhala ndi vuto kutanthauzira chinenero cha thupi ndi liwu la mawu molondola. Mwachitsanzo, munthu amene mumamuseka mukamapita, kapena akukupemphani kuti mulowe nawo mu gulu. Kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti akusonyeza chikondi kapena kukhala paubwenzi wosavuta? Kodi mawu a bwana wanu amasonyeza kuti amakwiya kapena amanyansidwa?
- Mavuto ndi kukambirana, makamaka ngati sikuli pa phunziro lomwe limakusangalatsani. Anthu odwala matenda opatsirana m'mimba nthawi zambiri amavutika kuti azikhala ndi "nkhani zochepa" pazochitika zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa TV mpaka pa miseche. Iwo akhoza kuchita izi ngakhale ngati mawonetsero kapena anthu akungowasangalatsa mwachikondi kwa iwo. Anthu omwe ali ndi autism, komabe nthawi zambiri amakonda kulankhula nthawi yaitali pokhapokha pazinthu zomwe zimawakonda; iwo angakhalenso ovuta kuzindikira kuti wokondedwa wawo amakhumudwa.
- Yang'anani kwambiri pa nkhani yokhudza chidwi. Ena achikulire omwe ali ndi autism amasangalatsidwa kwambiri ndi nkhani yokhudza chidwi ndipo amawapeza kuti sitingathe kusintha nkhaniyi. Izi zikhoza kukhala vuto losaoneka ngati abwenzi anu ndi ogwira nawo ntchito onse ali ndi chidwi chimodzimodzi koma zingakhale zovuta mukamakambirana ndi achibale anu kapena oyandikana nawo omwe ali ndi zosiyana.
- Zovuta ndi kudziwa nthawi komanso momwe mungapemphe mafunso kapena kupanga mawu omwe mukudziwa kuti ndi oona. Mwachitsanzo, ndi nthawi yanji kuuza bwana kuti maganizo awo sangagwire ntchito? Kodi ndi bwino kufunsa wina "n'chiyani chinapangitsa kuti banja lanu lisudzulane?" Anthu omwe ali ndi autism amavutika kupeza nthawi yolankhula; Chifukwa chake, iwo angasankhe kunena kanthu.
- Zovuta ndi kusintha. Anthu ambiri okhala ndi autism amasankha kudziwa zomwe zidzachitike kenako. Ambiri amakonda kuchita zomwezo tsiku limodzi, kudya zakudya zomwezo, kutenga njira zomwezo, ndi zina. Moyo, komabe, umaponyera mipira yambiri; Zingakhale zovuta kwa anthu autistic kusintha msanga popanda khama kapena kukwiya.
Zizindikiro Zoganizira Ndiponso Zizoloŵezi
Zomwe zimangobwera posachedwapa za autism zikuphatikizapo mavuto omwe anthu ambiri amawaona. Mavuto ovuta (pamodzi ndi mavuto omwe anthu atchulidwa pamwambapa) angapangitse makhalidwe osadziŵika.
- Chisamaliro kuunika, phokoso, fungo, kukhudza, ndi kulawa. Mofanana ndi anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda ena (monga migraine), anthu omwe ali ndi autism amakhala osadziwika bwino. Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri amadzimadzi amatha kutsegula tsiku lonse pansi pa magetsi a fulorosenti mumalo okwezeka, anthu ambiri okhala ndi autism sangathe. Anthu ovomerezeka akhoza kuthandizanso kuti amve fungo kapena kulawa, kapena kukhala ndi zovuta ndi chibwenzi chakuthupi.
- Kufunikira kupsinjika kwa thupi kuti muthetse. Grand Grandin, yemwe anali wamkulu mwa kudzikonda yekha, adadzikonzera yekha "makina opanga" ngati njira yodzipetsera kukhala koleji ku koleji.
- Muyenera kusunthira kapena kugwiritsa ntchito machitidwe ambiri. Chosowa ichi, chotchedwa "kukondweretsa," ndi njira yodzichepetsera ndipo ingaphatikizepo kuyendayenda, kugwedeza tsitsi, kumeta tsitsi, kumang'ung'uza, ndi zina. Zimakhala zovuta kulamulira ndipo zingayambitse chidwi cha anthu omwe akuzungulirani.
- Kuthamanga kwa Autistic. Ena achikulire omwe ali ndi autism, ngakhalenso omwe ali ndi ma IQ apamwamba, akhoza kukhumudwitsidwa ndi kukwiya ndipo amapeza kuti n'zosatheka kulamulira mawu awo ndi zochita zawo. Nthaŵi zina yankho limeneli limatchedwa "autistic melt-down." Ngakhale si zachilendo kuti munthu wamkulu ndi autism achite zinthu zachiwawa, ngakhale kusasunthika kosasokonezeka kungakhale koopsa kwa anthu omwe amawachitira umboni.
Kudziyesa ndi Zochita Zapamwamba
Mungayambe kufufuza ndi kudziyesera nokha monga "AQ" yomwe inapangidwa mu 2001 ndi Dr. Simon Baron-Cohen kapena RBQ2, yomwe ilipo pa intaneti, yomwe "imakhala yosavuta komanso yowonongeka mobwerezabwereza monga miyambo ndi miyambo, kubwereza makhalidwe, malingaliro okhudzidwa ndi zochita zobwerezabwereza ndi zinthu. "
Ngakhale kuti mayeserowa akhoza kukuthandizani kudziwa ngati mungakhale autistic, komabe iwo sali m'malo mwa matenda opatsirana omwe amachitidwa ndi katswiri. Ambiri a maganizo omwe ali ndi vuto la autism ayenera kupereka mayeso oyenerera ndi kupereka chithandizo chofunikira, ngakhale anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi vuto la autism amagwira ntchito ndi ana.
Dr. Shana Nichols wa ku Fay J. Lindner Center for Autism ku Long Island ku New York amadziwika bwino kuti apeze ndi kuchiza achinyamata ndi achikulire omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimagwiridwa ndi mkulu wa autism (Asperger Syndrome).
Pamene akuluakulu abwera ku Lindner Center kuti adziwe, Dr. Nichols ayamba kufufuza kwake ndi mayeso a IQ . Amaperekanso kafukufuku wamakono omwe amachititsa kuti wodwalayo athetse mavuto osiyanasiyana.
Pamene amagwiritsira ntchito zida zingapo zowunikira kuti adziwe zizindikiro zake, akuti ngakhale zida zimenezo ndizoti zatha.
Nichols anati: "Ngati kholo lilipo, timakambirana ndi makolo kuti ADI (Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised) . Tikuyang'ana momwe ntchito ikugwiritsidwira ntchito komanso mbiri yakale kuti tidziwe luso la wodwala, ndi zikhalidwe zamakhalidwe. " Ndipotu, monga akunena, "autism sichidzidzimutsa pamene muli ndi zaka 25, choncho anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi autism amasonyeza zizindikiro kuyambira ali mwana." Ngati makolo sapezeka, Nichols ndi anzake akupempha wodwalayo kukumbukira ubwana wawo, akufunsa mafunso monga "Kodi muli ndi abwenzi ambiri?" ndi "Kodi mumakonda kuchita chiyani?"
Nichols amaperekanso ADOS Module IV. ADOS (Autism Diagnosis Observation Schedule) ndi ndondomeko yowonongeka ya autism, ndipo gawo lachinayi ndi lachinyamata akuluakulu komanso akuluakulu. Pogwirizana ndi ADI, amalola madokotala kuyang'anitsitsa pa chikhalidwe ndi kuyankhulana ndi khalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, akuti Nichols, mayeserowa amayang'ana mafunso monga "Kodi mungayambe kukambirana nawo momasuka? Kodi mumakondwera ndi malingaliro ndi maganizo a wofufuzayo? Kodi mumasonyeza kuti mumadziwa bwino maubwenzi? Kodi mumagwiritsa ntchito manja osasamala ndi nkhope Kodi muli ndi zofuna zosamvetsetseka kapena zamaganizo ? " Mayeserowa amalola madokotala kuti agwirizane ndi kalasi iliyonse mu domeni kuti adziwe ngati wodwalayo akukwaniritsa zoyenera za autism .
Kuyesedwa kwatsopano, Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview-Adult Version (3Di-Adult), tsopano ilipo ndipo (molingana ndi ofufuza) ndi yosavuta komanso yofupika kuposa ADOS, komanso yolondola. Amayesetsa kukambirana ndi kugwirizana pakati pa anthu, komanso zofuna zoletsedwa komanso makhalidwe. 3Di-Akuluakulu akukhala pang'onopang'ono kukhala chida choyendetsera anthu akuluakulu.
Pamene Kuzindikira Sikuli Autism
Si zachilendo, akuti Nichols, kuti wodwala azibwera kuyembekezera kuti ali ndi matenda opatsirana komanso atuluke ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. "Kusiyanitsa pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu kapena manyazi ndi kuwonongeka kwenikweni ndi autism kungakhale kovuta kwambiri kwa munthu wongokhala," akutero. Matenda ena, monga matenda osokoneza bongo (kuvomereza, kukakamiza, kufunikira kuchita zinthu mobwerezabwereza), matenda oyankhulana ndi anthu , kapena nkhawa zina za anthu nthawi zina zimawoneka ngati autism. Ngati madokotala atenga mavuto enawa, akhoza kulangiza mankhwala oyenera komanso / kapena mankhwala.
Zotsatira:
> Barrett SL, Uljarevic M, Baker EK, ndi al. Wophunzira wobwerezabwereza kawiri kawiri kawiri-kawiri (RBQ-2A): chidziwitso chokha chokha cha makhalidwe oletsedwa komanso obwerezabwereza. Journal of Autism ndi Mavuto Opititsa patsogolo. 2015.
> Mandy, W. Kuwunika autism kwa akuluakulu: Kuwonetsa zokambirana, zosiyana ndi zoganizira mafunso-akuluakulu (3Di-Adult). J Autism Dev Kusokonezeka. 2018 Feb; 48 (2): 549-560. > doi >: 10.1007 / s10803-017-3321-z.
> Tavassoli, T. et al. Kusamala kwambiri kwa anthu akuluakulu okhala ndi vutolo. Autism. 2014 May; 18 (4): 428-32. > doi >: 10.1177 / 1362361313477246. Epub 2013 Oct 1.