Mmene Mungalekanitsire Sayansi Yachilengedwe Kuchokera ku Zamankhwala
Kupanga mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumatanthauzira kuti ndizolowera zojambula zonyenga monga zachipatala. Sikuti nthawi zonse zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kupeza ndalama koma nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi zofuna zawo kapena zofuna zawo.
Lembani Zisonyezo za Zolemba Zamankhwala
Nthawi zambiri madokotala amasonyeza kuti ali ndi luso kapena nzeru zomwe zimawayenerera ngati akatswiri kapena zinsinsi zomwe aboma ndi bizinesi akufuna kuti aziletsa.
Kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga milandu yodalirika, ngakhale atatenga zidziwitso za akatswiri zomwe zimapereka ulemu wa ulemu.
Kuwongolera kungawonjezere kwa anthu kapena magulu omwe amakana sayansi ("okana"), omwe amamanga maganizo awo ogwirizana mwa kusankha mosankhidwa sayansi kuti avomereze ndi zomwe silinganyalanyaze. Zitha kuphatikizapo opanga zinthu zina zogulitsa mankhwala komanso zowonjezereka, zomwe zimapereka madalitso azachipatala omwe sanakhazikitsidwe.
Ngakhale kulimbikitsidwa kwa US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pofuna kuthetsa malingaliro oterewa, intaneti masiku ano ili ndi mankhwala ndi mapulogalamu omwe amati akuchiza-komanso ngakhale kuchiritsa-chirichonse kuchokera ku khansa ku matenda a shuga kupita ku AIDS .
Vuto ndi quacks ndilo liwu lomwelo likuwoneka kuti likusonyeza kuti pafupifupi chinachake chimakhala chophwanyidwa, chosavuta kuona komanso chochotsedwa. Koma chowonadi chokhacho ndi chakuti odwala amatha kupambana poyesa pa kukayikira ndi mantha a anthu osatetezeka, akulonjeza mtundu wa zokhudzana ndi zamankhwala zomwe sayansi nthawi zambiri sungakhoze.
Kusunga mfundo zachipatala kuchokera ku pseudoscience nthawi zina kumakhala kovuta. Komabe, pali zidziwitso zambiri zomwe zingakuthandizeni kudalira pamene mukukumana ndi sayansi yosatsimikizika kapena yokayikitsa.
Zolemba za Dodgy
Kuti athe kukwanitsa kufufuza kafukufuku wamakhalidwe, asayansi a zachipatala adzatchula mbali iliyonse ya kafukufuku wawo molongosola tsatanetsatane, kuti anzako azitha kuzindikira momveka bwino momwe zakhalira.
Ndi chifukwa chake zida zolembera mankhwala ndizitali komanso zovuta-osati kungopereka malamulo koma kuonetsetsa kuti umboni wonse ulipo ngakhale ngati iwe, monga wogula, sungamvetse bwinobwino.
Sikokwanira, mwachitsanzo, kuvomereza kuti "madokotala anayi mwa asanu omwe adafunsidwa" akuthandiza mankhwala ena podziwa kuti ndi madokotala angati omwe adafunsidwa; ndi mafunso ati omwe adafunsidwa; amene analandira ndalamazo kafukufuku; ndipo komwe kufufuza kunafalitsidwa. Izi ndizowona makamaka ngati zili zodzitetezera kuchipatala.
Nthawi zambiri madokotala amasiya zolemba zachipatala kuchokera ku kafukufuku wawo kapena amapatsa anthu opanda nzeru kuti apeze malipoti enieni (mwachitsanzo, polemba New England Journal of Medicine, 2014 ndi china chirichonse).
Chinthu chinanso chimene chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta ndi quacks ndizolemba zolemba, zomwe zikutanthauza mndandanda wa maphunziro opangidwa ndi munthu mmodzi kapena gulu. Kawirikawiri izi zimachitika ndi anthu omwe amagulitsa mankhwala, kapena ndi bungwe lomwe silinayambe kulongosola kulumikiza kwawo kufukufuku.
Izi sizikutanthauza kuti mankhwala kapena zowonjezera zilizonse mumapeza zosowa zolemba malemba kuti aziwoneka ngati enieni. Koma ngati mukukumana ndi chithandizo chamankhwala chomwe chikuwoneka kuti sichingakhale chowonadi, dzifunseni nokha: umboni weniweni uli kuti?
Kuchiza Mankhwala-Onse
Nthawi zonse muzikayikira chilichonse chopangidwa, chipangizo kapena pulogalamu yomwe imalonjeza kuthetsa matenda osiyanasiyana. Izi kawirikawiri zimawoneka ndi njira zowononga za HIV zomwe zimalimbikitsa kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha mthupi cha munthu, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa matenda aliwonse omwe amachitika komanso osagwirizana nawo.
Ngati mankhwala akuti akuchiza, mwachitsanzo, kachilombo ka HIV, kansa, ndi matenda a mtima, zomwe zimayambitsa izi ndizopangitsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndizofanana.
Zedi, pali mankhwala ochuluka pamsika umene uli ndi mankhwala ochuluka kuposa aspirin (mwachitsanzo).
Koma pamene mankhwala aliwonse amadzilimbikitsanso okha monga kuchiza (kapena kuchepetsa zotsatira za) matenda osiyanasiyana osasokonezeka, samalani.
Umboni Wachipatala kapena Anecdotes
Umboni wa zachipatala ndi wovuta ngakhale mu malonda a zamakono, komwe munthu anganene, mu TV kapena kusindikiza, momwe mankhwala ena kapena mankhwala apindulira kwambiri moyo wake. Ndizovuta kumvetsa kuti ife, monga ogula, timakhala ndi tsiku ndi tsiku ndipo nthawi zina timayendera bwino pakati pa malonda ndi kuumirizidwa.
Ndizochita zomwezo nthawi zonse zimakumbidwa ndi ofufuza ovuta. M'malo mokhala ndi sayansi yotsimikiziridwa kuti atsimikizire zomwe akunenazo, nthawi zambiri amadalira umboni weniweni kapena umboni wochokera pansi pamtima monga umboni wa zogulitsa zawo.
Kotero, mukufunsa bwanji, kodi munthu angakhoze kufotokoza kusiyana pakati pa sayansi ya sayansi ndi sayansi yeniyeni ngati ife tikuwona njira yomweyo yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu zodzoladzola ndi zakudya zowonjezera zakudya, mwachitsanzo? Funso labwino ndipo nthawi zambiri limakhala lovuta.
Choyamba, dzikumbutseni kuti zodzoladzola, mavitamini, ndi zowonjezera mavitamini zimayikidwa mosiyana kusiyana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zomwe zimakhala zofunikira kuyesedwa kwachidziwitso pofuna kupeza chipangano cha FDA.
Ndi chinthu chimodzi kuti chipangizo chidziwitse kuti mukhala ndi kumwetulira bwino komanso khungu loposa ngati mukuligwiritsa ntchito. Ndi ina ngati mankhwala akuti akuchiza kapena kuchiza matenda enaake. Ngati mutakumana ndi zoterezi, tengani umboni uliwonse womwe mumauwona ndi mchere wa mchere. Gwiritsani ntchito chidziwitso chanu chabwino, komanso bwino, funsani dokotala kuti akuthandizeni.
"Zochitika Zaka mazana" za Umboni
Kudziwika kwa mankhwala ochizira matenda a m'mimba ndi mankhwala achikhalidwe monga zitsamba zachi China zimathandizidwa ndi zomwe akatswiri amatikumbutsa zaka mazana ambiri za umboni. Ndipo izo ndi zabwino. Mfundo yakuti chinthu china kapena chizoloŵezi chavomerezedwa ndi mamiliyoni ambiri m'mibadwo ikupereka mapindu omwe angakhale olakwika kuti achotsedwe mwatsatanetsatane.
Ngakhale anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, kuphatikizapo, ntchito yamagetsi ya capsicum (yomwe imapezeka mu tsabola) yomwe ingachepetse ululu womwe umakhala nawo chifukwa cha matendawa .
Koma mfundo yakuti chinachake chakhalapo kwa zaka mazana ambiri sikutanthawuza ku msika wogula. Tinaziwona izi ndi kava kava, chomera chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku South Pacific chifukwa cha malo ake odzitonthoza komanso odetsa nkhaŵa. Fomu yoyambira, yogulitsidwa pa kampani ya ku Europe ndi North America, inachititsa kuti anthu ambiri aphedwe chifukwa cha poizoni wa chiwindi cha kava. Zotsatira zake, mayiko ena adaletsa kugulitsa kwa mankhwalawa mwa mtundu uliwonse.
Chowona kuti chinachake chakhalapo kwa zaka mazana ambiri, sichoncho, mwa ichochokha, kupititsa patsogolo phindu lake. Ngakhale kuti pali malo ambiri ochizira othandizira , kuphatikizapo kuchiza kachirombo ka HIV , musasokonezedwe ndi malonda omwe amatsutsa pa "nzeru zakale" kapena kuti zaka mazana angapo zomwe zakhala zikuchitika.
Chitani kafukufuku wanu, ndipo dziŵe dokotala wanu ngati mwaganizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu uliwonse wa mankhwala owonjezera.
"Sayansi Sidziwa Zonse"
Izi ndizo zomwe akatswiri azachipatala ndi olemba mabuku angagwirizane pa: sayansi sadziwa chirichonse. Ndipo ndilo mfundo. Cholinga cha sayansi ya zachipatala ndikuti sizingolongosola zomwe wina amapeza mu kufufuza koma zomwe palibe. Kuwona kuti chinachake chikuwonetsedwa kukhala chosakwanira sikutanthauza kuti ndizolakwika molakwika. Zimangotanthauza kuti ife, monga asayansi, sitikudziwa.
Zomwezo sizingakhoze kunenedwa kwa sayansi yopanda pake. Pamtima pake, kupezeka kwapadera kumatchulidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa sayansi ya chikhalidwe ndi munthu kapena gulu, pamene akukana kuvomereza kukayikira kulikonse kafukufuku wawo. Palibe malo owonetsera; palibe zokayikitsa zoti zifufuzidwe. Amapewa "sayansi" yawo ngati umboni pomwe akudziwonetsera ngati owona choonadi omwe amatsutsidwa ndi boma, makampani kapena odwala.
Kaya mwachindunji kapena mwachindunji, chotsutsana cha chiwembu chimadutsa muzovuta zawo zambiri, ndipo ndizovuta. Polemba zida zawo mwanjira yowonjezera - ngati "choonadi chodziwika bwino" kapena "chinsinsi chowululidwa" -zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu asakhale ndi chidaliro pazomwe asayansi ali nazo, komabe m'ntchito yaumoyo yokha.
Mwa kudzidziwitsa nokha zachinsinsi zanu-malingaliro oipa omwe mungakhale nawo pa boma, akuluakulu a zaumoyo kapena mankhwala-mungathe kusiyanitsa sayansi ndi sayansi yachinyengo ndi kupewa kugwidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimasokoneza ndalama zanu kapena, poipa kwambiri, perekani zabwino zanu thanzi labwino.
Zotsatira:
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). "Momwe FDA imawerengera Zamagetsi Zogulitsa: Zodzoladzola." Silver Spring, Maryland.
US Library of Congress. "Bill Bill - 103rd Congress (1993-1994) S.784.ES - Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act ya 1994. " Washington; inafalitsidwa pa January 25, 1994.
Laibulale ya National National Medicine. "Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo - Kava Kava (Piper methysticum)." Bethesda, Maryland.
Haanpää, M. ndi Treede, R. "Capsaicin for Pauropathic Pain: Kugwirizanitsa Mankhwala Achikhalidwe ndi Biology Yambiri." European Neurology. November 2102; 68 (5): 264-275.