Vuto ndi lalikulu kwambiri pamene ali ndi pakati komanso anthu omwe ali ndi HIV
Toxoplasmosis (yomwe imatchedwanso "toxo") imayambitsidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amadziwika kuti Toxoplasma gondii. Kawirikawiri zimayambitsa kudya zakudya zowonongeka kapena kugwirana chanza mwangozi ndi nyansi zamatchi. Mankhwalawa amatha kupitsidwanso kuchokera kwa mayi kupita kwa mwana pamene ali ndi mimba ndipo, mocheperachepera, palimodzi.
Malingana ndi ziwerengero zochokera ku Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 13.2 peresenti ya anthu a ku America oposa zaka zisanu ali ndi kachilombo ka T. gondii (kapena anthu 39 miliyoni).
Ngakhale kuti matendawa amachititsa zizindikiro zochepa, ngati zilipo, zimatha kupha anthu omwe ali ndi ma chitetezo oteteza mthupi kapena ana omwe ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV.
Pozindikira zowononga ndi zoopsa za toxoplasmosis, mukhoza kutenga njira zofunikira kuti muteteze matenda pachigawo chilichonse m'moyo.
Njira za Kutumiza
Matenda a T. gondii amapezeka padziko lonse lapansi komanso pafupi ndi nyama zonse zamadzi. Kutumizira kwa T. gondii ndi kosiyana kwambiri chifukwa kungathe kuchitika mwa njira ziwiri: kaya kudya nyama yomwe ili ndi kachilombo ka HIV kapena kupha nyama zamphongo mwangozi.
Nyama Yopweteka
Ngati ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, chitetezo cha mthupi cha munthu wamba (kaya chikhale nyama kapena munthu) chikhoza kuchepetsa matendawa. Komabe, majeremusi samatha. M'malo mwake, amapita ku dormancy, kupanga tizilombo tating'ono ting'onoting'ono tomwe timatchedwa tizilombo tomwe timatulutsa thupi.
Ngati munthu adya nyama yodwala, ziphuphuzi zimatha kukhazikitsa mavitamini (omwe amadziwika ngati ma tachyzoite) ndikuyambitsa matenda.
Mphaka Zambiri
Amphaka, kaya apakhomo kapena zakutchire, ndi apadera kwambiri kuti T. gondii akhoza kukhala ndi kubereka m'matumbo a nyama. M'magulu amenewa, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timatha kupanga tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatulutsa mitsempha yotchedwa oocysts.
Ma oocystswa ndiwowonongeka-okonzeka komanso okhoza kukhala ndi moyo kwa miyezi yambiri kutentha kapena kutentha chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo.
Amatha kupulumuka ndi kuwonjezeka m'madzi.
Akayamwa, ma oocysts amachitanso njira yotchedwa excystation yomwe imatulutsidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndipo imatha kupha maselo a m'mimba, mapapo, ndi ziwalo zina.
Zomwe Zimayambitsa
Toxoplasmosis kawirikawiri imapezeka pamene T. gondii oocysts kapena mitsempha yambiri imadya. Izi zimachitika nthawi:
- Mumadya nyama yomwe imakhala yaiwisi kapena yosaphika (makamaka nkhumba, mwanawankhosa, kapena nyama yodya nyama).
- Mumagwiritsa ntchito nyama kapena zojambula zomwe zimadetsedwa ndi nyama yaiwisi.
- Momwemo mwangozi mumadyetsa ndowe zamphongo mukamayeretsa mabotolo kapena munda wa nthaka.
- Mumadya zipatso zosasamba ndi ndiwo zamasamba zomwe zakhudza nthaka zowonongeka ndi ndowe zamatchi.
- Mumamwa madzi otsukidwa ndi zakumwa zamatchi.
- Mumadya mankhwala osakanizidwa opanda mkaka.
- Mumadya nsomba zofiira zonyezimira.
Ngozi Pakati pa Mimba
Toxoplasmosis yachisawawa imapezeka pamene T. gondii amachokera kwa mayi kupita kwa mwana pamene ali ndi mimba. Izi zimachitika nthawi yomwe mayi ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV pa nthawi yomwe ali ndi mimba kapena miyezi itatu yomwe imayambitsa mimba.
Kutenga kachilombo sikukutanthauza kuti mwana wanu adzadwala. Ndipotu, kumayambiriro kwa trimester yoyamba, chiopsezo chidzakhala chochepa (osachepera sikisi pa zana).
Komabe, pamene mimba ikupita, chiopsezo chidzawonjezeka. Pa trimester yachitatu, zovuta za kachilombo ka HIV zingayende ponseponse kuyambira 60 peresenti mpaka 80 peresenti.
Kawirikawiri, kachilombo ka HIV kangayambe kuchitika kwa amayi omwe poyamba adatengedwa ndi T. gondii. Timawawona makamaka amayi omwe ali ndi HIV . Pakati pa anthu azimayiwa, nthawi zina mabakiteriya amatha kubwezeretsa ndi kutenga matenda. Chiopsezo chimawonjezeka chifukwa chogwirizana ndi kuchepa kwa chitetezo cha mthupi.
Ndani Ali Pangozi?
Ngakhale kuti panthawi yomwe mayi ali ndi pakati ndi yofanana ndi ya anthu ambiri, kafukufuku wochokera ku Centers for Disease Control and Prevention anapeza zizindikiro 11 zomwe zimapereka amayi oyembekezera pangozi yaikulu ya matenda a T. gondii :
- Kukhala ndi kamba
- Kukonza bwalo la zinyalala
- Kudya nkhumba, nkhuku, mwana wamphongo, ng'ombe, kapena nyama yosakaniza
- Kulima
- Kudya masamba osaphika kapena osasamba kapena zipatso
- Kudya masamba obiriwira kunja kwa nyumba
- Kukumana ndi nthaka
- Kusamba mipeni ya khitchini nthawi zambiri
- Kukhala ndi ukhondo wosauka
- Kuyenda kunja kwa Ulaya, Canada, kapena United States
- Kumwa madzi osatsutsika kuchokera ku chitsimikizo choipa
Kuopsa kwa HIV
Toxoplasmosis amaonedwa kuti ndi matenda opatsirana (OI) mwa anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa chifukwa amachititsa matenda pamene chitetezo cha mthupi chitatha. Titha kuyesa izi ndi chiwerengero cha CD4 T-maselo m'magazi athu. Anthu wathanzi adzakhala ndi magulu 800 mpaka 1,500 mwa maselowa mu chitsanzo cha magazi. Anthu omwe ali ndi zaka zosachepera 200 ali pachiopsezo chachikulu cha OI choopsa komanso chotheka.
Kwa anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV , kachilombo ka T. gondii sikunangopangidwanso koma kumanganso kachilombo ka HIV. Pamene kachilombo ka CD4 kamakhala pansi pa 50, chitetezo cha mthupi sichidzatha kusunga ma bradyzoite omwe akutha.
A bradyzoites, pogwiritsa ntchito mwayiwu, adzatembenukanso kukhala tachyzoite ndipo adzakolola ziphuphu ndi ziwalo zomwe adaziika. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ubongo ndi pakatikati (CNS toxoplasmosis), maso (toxoplasmosis), ndi mapapo (pulmonary toxoplasmosis).
Mwamwayi, mankhwala ochepetsa kachilombo ka HIV amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza kachilombo ka HIV akhoza kuteteza kachilombo ka HIV. Pochita zimenezi, chiwerengero cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda chikhoza kupewedwera kumagulu osadziwika , kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chidzigwirizanenso ndikukhazikitsa T. gondii .
Ngozi Yopangidwira Kwambiri Mthupi
Kuikidwa kwa ziwalo zothandizidwa ndi T. gondii kungapangitsenso kuti munthu atenge kachilombo ka HIV. Izi zimawonedwa kawirikawiri ndi mtima, impso, ndi zizindikiro za chiwindi komanso maselo omwe amapezeka m'magazi .
Ngakhale kuli kwanzeru kuganiza kuti izi zingakhale zoopsa kupatsidwa kuti wolandirayo sangakhale ndi chitetezo chokhudza T. gondii reactivation, kufufuza mpaka lero kunatsutsana kwambiri.
Kafukufuku wina wopangidwa ku Netherlands mu 2013 anapeza kuti kutumiza kwa T. gondii panthawi yopuma mtima sikunakhudze nthawi yomwe anthu odwala 577 omwe anachitidwa opaleshoni pakati pa 1984 ndi 1011. Mwa awa, 324 anayesedwa ndi T. gondii.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, phunziro laling'ono la ku Mexico mu 2017 linawoneka pa mavoti 20 a maambukizi a T. gondii omwe anachitika chifukwa cha kuwedza kwa chiwindi. Malingana ndi ofufuzawo, odwala 14 (kapena 70 peresenti) ankayenera kupatsidwa mankhwala a T. gondii reactivation mutatha kuika. Mwa awa, asanu ndi atatu (kapena 40 peresenti) adafa chifukwa cha matenda.
Ngakhale kuti pali umboni wosatsutsika, bungwe la Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) lokhazikitsidwa ndi US Congress mu 1984, lalamula kuti ziwalo zonse zoperekedwa ziwonetsedwe kwa T. gondii. Zomwe mayesowa amachokera sizimachotsedwa kuzinthu zowonjezera koma m'malo mwake zimayanjanirana ndi opereka omwe amayesanso zabwino.
> Zotsatira:
> Zolinga za Kuletsa ndi Kuteteza Matenda. "Mafinya - Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma Matenda): Kupewa ndi Kulamulira." Atlanta, Georgia; zasinthidwa pa January 10, 2013.
> Galván-Ramírez, M .; Sánchez-Orozco, L .; Gutiérrez-Maldonado, A. et al. "Kodi matenda a Toxoplasma gondii amakhudza zotsatira zowonjezera chiwindi?" " J Med Microbiol." 2018. DOI: 10.1099 / jmm.0.000694.
> Jones, J ;; Kurzson-Moran, D .; Rivera, H. et al. " Toxoplasma gondii Seroprevalence ku United States 2009-2010 ndi Kuyerekezera ndi Zaka Zaka makumi awiri." Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014; 90 (6): 1135-1139. DOI: 10.4269 / ajtmh.14-0013.
> US Department of Health and Human Services. "Malangizo Othandizira Kupewa ndi Kuchiza Matenda Oponderezedwa Aakulu Achikulire omwe ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV ndi Achinyamata." AIDSInfo. Rockville, Maryland; zasinthidwa pa October 28, 2015.
> van Hellemond, J ;; van Domburg, R .; Caliskan, A. et al. "Toxoplasma gondii Serostatus Sichiyanjana ndi Osauka Kwambiri Kwambiri Pambuyo pa Kutsekedwa kwa Mtima." Kuwedza. 2013; 96 (12): 1052-58. DOI: 10.1097 / TP.0b013e3182a9274a.