Nyumba Yoyera imatenga cholinga cha mndandanda wa gulu
Pakalipano, pali anthu oposa 120,000 Achimereka omwe akusowa ziwalo za thupi. Anthu pafupifupi 22 amafa tsiku lililonse akudikira limba. Monga ndi mbali zina zambiri za dziko lapansi, United States ikukumana ndi kusowa kwakukulu kwa ziwalo za kuika. Choncho, kuchulukitsa chiwerengero cha zopereka za bungwe chakhala chofunika kwambiri pa dziko lonse.
Mu 2016, bungweli la Obama linalengeza mapulani atsopano omwe samangotengera zochepa chabe za zopereka za bungwe komanso amapereka thandizo kwa anthu omwe amapereka ziwalo, kapena opereka ndalama .
M'nkhani ino, tiwone bwinobwino njira izi zowonjezera kupezeka kwa ziwalo komanso zolimbikitsa zopezeka kwa anthu omwe amapereka mphatso ku bungwe lina m'mayiko ena monga Israeli.
Ndi Mawu Ochepa Okhudza Kusakaniza kwa Mthupi
Kupatsirana kwa thupi kunayamba kukhala njira yowopsa komanso yowonongeka. Komabe, ndi kupita patsogolo kwamankhwala, tatha kupalesanso bwino ziwalo mwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a ziwalo zomaliza, zomwe ziwalo zimasiya kugwira ntchito. Pamene chiwalo chofunika, monga impso, chiwindi, mtima kapena mapapo chimasiya kugwira ntchito, imfa imatsatira.
Pano pali mndandanda wa ziwalo zowonongeka pa kuchepa kwafupipafupi:
- Impso
- Chiwindi
- Mtima
- Maungulo
- Pancreas
- Matumbo
Zindikirani, ziphuphu, monga cornea, fupa, khungu, fascia, mitsempha ya sphenoid ndi valves ya mtima, imatha kuikidwa.
Zida zonse ziwiri za impso komanso zopanda phindu zingagulitsidwe kuchokera ku zamoyo. Ziwalo zina, monga mtima ndi mapapo, zimachokera kwa wothandizira posachedwapa.
Makamaka, munthu akhoza kukhala ndi impso imodzi ndikupatsanso zina. Komanso, munthu yemwe ali ndi chiwindi chabwino akhoza kupereka gawo la chiwindi chake ndipo chiwindi chidzabwereranso. Anthu omwe amapereka ziwalo pamene ali moyo amatchedwa opereka amoyo .
Zopereka za thupi nthawi zambiri zimachokera kwa odwala omwe ali kuchipatala ndipo amafa chifukwa cha kupweteka kapena kuvulala.
Komiti Yowonjezera, yomwe imavomereza ndi kutsimikizira mabungwe osowa zaumoyo m'dziko lonse lapansi, imafuna kuti madokotala mu chipatala chodzidzimutsa ayang'ane ndi mabungwe ogulitsa ziwalo za imfa zonse zomwe zimachitika mu dipatimenti yosavuta. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, mabungwe ogula katunduwa ayenera kuuzidwa za kuthekera komwe kungakhalepo ziwalo zowonjezera.
Kuvomerezeka kwa banja ndi chimodzi cholepheretsa kugulidwa kwa ziwalo zowonjezera. Kawirikawiri, ngati banja poyamba limakhudzidwa bwino ndi lingaliro la zopereka, ndiye mwayi woti zopereka zidzachitika bwino. Komanso, ngati wakufayo asonyeza choloŵa cha mphatso ya bungwe mwa kuvomereza ndi kulembetsa ndi Dipatimenti ya Magalimoto (DMV), ndiye kuti mamembala a m'banja amavomerezanso.
Ngati banja siligwirizana ndi zofuna za munthu wakufayo kuti apereke ziwalo, akatswiri odziwa kugula ziwalo zogwirizana ndi magulu omwe ali ndi luso la kuthetsa kusamvana kumeneku akuyitanidwa. Akatswiriwa amadziwa malamulo a boma okhudzana ndi kupereka ndalama komanso kugula zinthu.
Ngati mukukonzekera kupereka ziwalo zanu ndipo mwalembetsa kuti muchite zimenezo, ndibwino kudziwitsa ena a m'banja mwathu za cholinga ichi.
Kuchita zimenezi kudzakuthandizani kuthetsa chisokonezo ndi kukhumudwa pakati pa mamembala anu ngati mukufa komanso kutsimikiziranso kuti zofuna zanu zili zolemekezeka.
Kupititsa patsogolo Zowonjezera Zamagulu
Ngakhale kuti anthu 95 mwa anthu 100 aliwonse a ku America amathandizira kupereka ndalama, ndiye kuti 50 peresenti ya anthu a ku America amalembedwa kukhala opereka ndalama. Mogwirizana ndi mayunivesite osiyanasiyana, zipatala, makampani, maziko ndi mabungwe olimbikitsa odwala, boma la federal likufuna kuthetsa chisokonezo ichi.
Mwachiwerengero, $ 200 miliyoni adzaperekedwa kuti apange kafukufuku wopita patsogolo pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko chokhudza kupatsira thupi.
Mu 2016, boma la Obama linaneneratu kuti izi zidzawonjezera kuchuluka kwa zopereka za 2,000 pachaka.
Nazi njira zina zomwe bungwe la Obama Administration linapanga kuti likhazikitse ndikuonjezera zopereka za bungwe ku United States komanso kuchepetsa mndandanda wa gulu:
- Kuwonjezeka kwabwino pa National Level. United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), bungwe la National Organic Procurement and Transplant Network, likukonzekera kuonjezera mphamvu zogula ndi kugulitsa katundu. UNOS akukonzanso kupanga deta komanso zipangizo zamakono zowonjezera malo ndi ofufuza.
- Kusonkhanitsa Mphamvu ya Media Media. Facebook, Tinder, Twitter, ORGANIZE ndi mabungwe ena angapo akukonzekera zida zatsopano kuti athe kuthandiza anthu omwe angapereke ndalamazo kuti alembe mosavuta. Mabungwewa akugwiritsanso ntchito makanema othandizira kuti azifalitsa makampu othandizira achinyamata. GULU ndi bungwe losapindulitsa lomwe linayambitsa zolembera zoyambirira. Pakalipano, boma lirilonse liri ndi zolemba zawo. Komabe, pamene anthu akusunthira, chikhalidwe chawo cha donso chimakhala chitasokonekera. MALANGIZO amathetsa vutoli ndi zolembera zapakati zomwe zimakhala zosavomerezeka ndi boma.
- Zamoyo ndi Minofu Zopangidwira. Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo (DOD) ikupereka ndalama zokwana madola 160 miliyoni za boma ndi zapadera kuti apange Advanced Tissue Biofabrication Manufacturing Innovation Institute. Dipatimenti iyi idzakhazikitsa matekinoloji opanga makina omwe angathandize kukonzanso ndi kubwezeretsa maselo ndi matenda. Njira yamakonoyi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito tsiku lina kupanga ziwalo zowonjezera. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, DOD imayimiliranso ndalama zokwana madola 7 miliyoni pamalonda ang'onoang'ono omwe akuyesera kukonzanso ziwalo ndi kusungira minofu.
- Matenda a Impso XPRIZE . The American Society of Nephrology ikuyikira $ 7 miliyoni yoyamba kuti ipangitse Matenda a Impso XPRIZE. Malinga ndi webusaiti yake, XPRIZE ndi "mpikisano wothamanga kwambiri, womwe umapangitsa kuti pakhale malire ake-kusintha dziko kuti likhale labwino."
- Kupititsa patsogolo Zopangira Chiwindikiro cha Chiwindi. Bungwe la Cystic Fibrosis Foundation lidzapindula $ 15 miliyoni kuti lifufuze kafukufuku omwe amachititsa kuti zotsatira zikhale bwino pakatha mapuloteni
- Zopereka Zapakati za Impso. Walter Reed Bethesda akumanga pulogalamu ya "nkhondo yogawidwa," yomwe imagwirizanitsa mabanja a asilikali ogwira ntchito yogwira ntchito ndi odwala ku Walter Reed omwe akusowa impso ndipo ndi ovuta kufanana. Pazinthu zowonjezereka, mabungwe oposa 30 akuthandizana kuti azigawana deta komanso njira zabwino zogwiritsira ntchito impso zomwe zimalandira ovuta.
- Kuwombera thupi kwa HIV. Yunivesite ya Johns Hopkins ndi National Institute of Allergy ndi Matenda Opatsirana akupanga maphunziro ochuluka omwe adzafufuze zopereka zapakati pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV komanso ndondomeko yogwiritsa ntchito dziwe lopatsirana kachilombo ka HIV.
Mphatso Yopereka Mphamvu
Mu Israeli, ang'onoang'ono a anthu amapereka ziwalo. Pofuna kuthana ndi kusowa kwa chiwalo ichi, pa March 31, 2008, nyumba yamalamulo ya Israeli inapereka lamulo lokhazikitsa patsogolo zopereka za magulu kwa magulu otsatirawa:
- Anthu omwe amalembetsa ngati othandizira pothandizira posindikiza khadi lopereka
- Omwe amakhala pachiyambi choyamba cha opereka matupi afa
- Othandizira amoyo
Malamulo omwe amachititsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano wa bungwe ndikupangitsa kuti anthu asakhale ndi udindo wosankha anthu okhaokha ndi njira yowonjezera vuto la kusowa kwa bungwe. Israeli asanapereke lamulo lolimbikitsa ndalama, bungwe lokha la Singapore linali lokhazikitsa malamulo omwe amapereka patsogolo pa chiwerengero cha ziwalo. Mwachidule, zaka zambiri kuchokera pamene Israeli adapereka lamuloli, Chile yakhazikitsanso lamulo lokhazikitsa anthu apabanja a operekera ziwalo zafa.
Zinatenga zaka zinayi kuti lamulo latsopanoli likhazikitse chithandizo chamagulu kuti chigwire ntchito. Panthawiyi, ndondomeko zopatsidwa ndikugwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi boma la Israeli. Komanso, panthaŵiyi, boma la Israeli linakhazikitsa mapulogalamu othandizira maphunziro apamtunduwu pokhudza ndondomeko yatsopano yothandizira bungwe.
Pa April 1, 2012, lamulo latsopanoli linayamba kugwira ntchito. Anthu omwe adasainira kuti akhale opereka bungwe lisanafike tsikuli adayenera kulandira chilolezo chokhala ndi chiwalo choyambira kuyambira tsiku lino. Anthu omwe amalembetsa pambuyo pa tsikuli amayenera kuyembekezera zaka zitatu kuti adziwe patsogolo. Nthawi ya kuyembekezera zaka zitatu yapangidwa kuti iwonetsetse anthu kuti asayinire kuti akhale opereka bungwe pokhapokha atapezeka kuti ali ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chimafuna kuika thupi.
Mu nkhani ya 2016 yomwe inafalitsidwa mu Health Economics , Stoler ndi anzake amagwiritsira ntchito deta yolembetsa ziwalo zogwiritsira ntchito ziwalo kuti azindikire mbali ngati ndondomeko yatsopano yolimbikitsa ziphuphu zagulu ntchito. Malingana ndi olemba a phunziro ili:
- Ndondomeko yatsopano yopereka chithandizo kwa olemba matupi olembetsa anagwira ntchito ndipo "kwakukulu" yowonjezera chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha ziwalo.
- Anthu ambiri omwe analembedwera lamulo lisanayambe kugwira ntchito pa April 1, 2012, ndi lopanda nzeru chifukwa anthu omwe analembetsa pambuyo pa tsikuli adayenera kuyembekezera zaka zitatu kuti adziwe udindo wawo.
- Mapulogalamu odziwitsira anthu omwe akufuna kulengeza kuti apereke chigamulo cha olembetsa bungwe.
- Kupanga zosavuta kulembetsa pogwiritsa ntchito foni kapena njira za pa intaneti kunaperekanso chithandizo chamagulu.
Zotsatira za phunziroli zikulimbikitsana ponena za kuthandizira kupereka zopereka kwa opereka bungwe. Komabe, phunziro ili liri ndi malire ake. Zotsatira za phunziroli zikuwonetsa kokha mgwirizano pakati pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndondomeko iyi ndi kulembetsa olembetsa bungwe. M'mawu ena, palibe mgwirizano weniweni-ndi-zotsatira pakati pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndondomeko yoteroyo ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kulembetsa kwa olemba matupi.
Zifukwa zina, monga ntchito zophunzitsa anthu ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kulembetsa (mwa telefoni kapena intaneti), zikanathandizanso kuwonjezeka kwa zopereka zagwirizano. Chifukwa chakuti phunziroli ndilolowerera ndipo palibe gulu lolamulira, ndi zovuta kufotokozera momveka bwino momwe pangakhazikitsidwe ndondomekoyi yatsopano yothandizira ziwalo za ndalama.
Malingana ndi akatswiri omwe akuyankha zotsatira za phunziroli, lamulo la Israeli lopereka patsogolo kwa anthu omwe amalembetsa ngati opereka matupi ali ndi zolakwa zingapo zazikulu. Mwachindunji, wachibale wotsatira akhoza kusokoneza chikhumbo cha wopereka chopereka kuti apereke ziwalo munthu akafa. Kuwonjezera apo, "kulembetsa" kulembedwa kungayambenso komwe munthu amalembetsa kuti akhale wothandizira kuti azikhala patsogolo pomwe adakali moyo komabe amalangiza achibale ake kuti asinthe chigamulochi pambuyo pa imfa. Malinga ndi akatswiri awa, njira yokhayo yopezera kusinthika ndi kulembera "ziphuphu" za anthu opereka ndalama ndizobwezeretsa ndondomeko kuti izi zitheke kuti mchimwene woyamba asagwiritse ntchito ndondomeko yopereka chithandizo ndi kukana kupereka chithandizo.
Kutsiliza
Malingana ndi akatswiri, akatswiri a ziwalo zofanana ndi zomwe zimachitika ku Israeli mwina sizikanakhala bwino ku United States chifukwa United States ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi Israeli. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, ngakhale kuti Amereka ambiri akusowa ziwalo, United States ndi "bungwe lolemera" poyerekeza ndi Israeli.
Komabe, ngati inu kapena wokondedwa wanu mukusowa cholowa kapena mukuyembekeza zosowa za m'tsogolo (kukhala ndi mathero osatha), njira zatsopano zoyendetsedwa ndi Obama akuyenera kupereka chiyembekezo. Ngakhale zingatengere nthawi kuti izi zitheke, zikhoza kulimbikitsa ziwalo zogwirira ntchito ku United States mwa kuonjezera ndalama zowonjezera, kuwongolera zinthu ndikuchotsa zina mwa "chinyengo" monga mtengo ndi kuwonongeka kwa ndalama zomwe opeza amoyo amapeza.
Pamapeto pake, ngati mukufuna kukhala wothandizira, chonde onani kuti kuwonjezera pa kulembetsa ngati wopereka ndi DMV wanu boma mukhoza kulembetsa pa intaneti pa malo ngati ORGANIZE ndi organdonor.gov, yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi Dipatimenti ya US Za Zaumoyo & Zaumunthu Zaumunthu.
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