Zambiri za Deta Yaikuru mu Mankhwala
Kulongosola kophweka kwa chidziwitso chachikulu cha mankhwala ndi "chiwerengero cha deta chokhudzana ndi chisamaliro cha umoyo ndi thanzi labwino" (Raghupathi 2014). Koma kodi ndondomeko izi ndi ziti, ndipo zimachokera kuti?
Zotsatirazi ndizofotokozera mwachidule mitundu ndi magwero akuluakulu ofunika chidwi kwa opereka chithandizo, ochita kafukufuku, olipidwa, okonza mapulani, ndi mafakitale.
Magulu awa sagwirizana, chifukwa deta yomweyi ingachokere kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Ngakhalenso mndandanda uwu sungatheke, chifukwa kugwiritsa ntchito deta yaikulu zowonongeka kudzapitiriza kukula.
Makompyuta Achidziwitso
Izi ndizochokera kuchikhalidwe chachipatala omwe opereka chithandizo chaumoyo amazolowera kuyang'ana.
- Mauthenga a zamagetsi a Ethernet (EHRs) asonkhanitsa, kusunga, ndi kuwonetsera mauthenga monga chiwerengero cha anthu, mbiri yakale ya zamankhwala, mavuto azachipatala, majekeseni, mavitamini, mankhwala, zizindikiro zofunika, zotsatira za ma laboratory ndi ma radiology, mauthenga okhudza matenda, mapepala a mapulogalamu opangidwa ndi chisamaliro ogwira ntchito, ndi zolemba zachuma ndi zachuma
- Zolemba zamankhwala zamakono (EMRs) sizili zofanana ndi EHRs ndipo kawirikawiri zimakhudzana ndi deta yosungidwa ndi dokotala wina.
- Kusinthanitsa kwa zokhudzana ndi umoyo kumakhala ngati ma hubs pakati pa machitidwe osadziwika a zachipatala
- Zolemba zoleza mtima, zomwe zimasungidwa ndi mabungwe othandizira odwala pa odwala awo, nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi EHR. Zolemba zina zimateteza katemera, khansa, zoopsa, ndi zina zokhudzana ndi thanzi labwino pamadera ambiri.
- Zipatala zoleza mtima zimalola odwala kuti adziwe mfundo zaumoyo zaumwini zomwe zasungidwa ku EHR. Maofesi ena oleza mtima amavomereza ogwiritsa ntchito kupempha zolembera zamagetsi ndikusinthanitsa mauthenga apakompyuta otetezeka ndi gulu la chisamaliro.
- Malo osungiramo deta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zipatala akuphatikizira deta ya mlingo wa odwala kuchokera ku machitidwe ambiri odziwa zachipatala, monga EHRs ndi zina zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa
Zotsatira Zotsutsa Kuchokera Kumalipira
Olemba ndalama (mwachitsanzo Medicare) ndi olipidwa payekha ali ndi malo akuluakulu okhudzana ndi chiwerengero cha madandaulo awo pa oyenerera. Ena a inshuwalansi zaumoyo tsopano akuperekanso chilimbikitso chogawana deta yanu yaumoyo.
Zofukufuku
Mafufuzidwe a kafukufuku ali ndi zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi ophunzira, mankhwala oyesera, ndi zotsatira za kuchipatala. Kafukufuku wamkulu amathandizidwa ndi makampani opanga mankhwala kapena mabungwe a boma. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ovomerezeka payekha ndikofananitsa ndi odwala omwe ali ndi chithandizo choyenera, pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko mu deta zoyesera zachipatala.
Njirayi imangopitirira kugwiritsira ntchito mfundo zachipatala zokhazikitsidwa ndi umboni, zomwe wothandizira zaumoyo amalingalira ngati wodwala akugawana zizindikiro zambiri (monga zaka, chikhalidwe, mtundu, chithandizo chachipatala) ndi omwe akuyesera. Ndizidziwitso zazikulu za deta, n'zotheka kusankha chithandizo pogwiritsa ntchito zambiri zowonongeka, monga chibadwa cha khansa ya wodwala (onani m'munsimu).
Mankhwala othandizira chisankho (CDSS) akhala akukula mofulumira ndipo tsopano akuimira mbali yaikulu ya nzeru zamagetsi (AI) mu mankhwala.
Amagwiritsa ntchito deta kuti athe kuthandiza odwala pogwiritsa ntchito zosankha zawo ndipo nthawi zambiri amawathandiza ndi EHRs.
Ma Genetic Database
Malo osungirako zinthu za mtundu wa anthu akupitirizabe kuwonjezeka mofulumira. Popeza kuti Project Genome Yomaliza inamalizidwa mu 2003, mtengo wa DNA wopezera kulumikizana kwachulukitsidwa wachepetsedwa ndi milioni. Pulogalamu yaumwini (PGP), yomwe inayambika mu 2005 ndi Harvard Medical School, ikufuna kuti iwonetsere ndikudziwitse gulu lonse la odzipereka okwana 100,000 ochokera kuzungulira dziko lapansi. PGP yokha ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha polojekiti yaikulu chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa deta.
Mankhwalawa ali ndi ma gigabytes pafupifupi 100 a deta. Kuphatikiza pa kusanthula mafupa, PGP ikusonkhanitsanso deta kuchokera ku EHRs, kufufuza, ndi ma microbiome.
Makampani angapo amapereka zowonongeka zokhudzana ndi majeremusi odwala, makhalidwe awo, ndi pharmacogenetics pa malonda.
Zambiri zaumwinizi zikhoza kugonjetsedwa ndi zidziwitso zazikulu za deta. Mwachitsanzo, 23Mayi adasiya kupereka mauthenga okhudzana ndi thanzi kwa makasitomala atsopano kuyambira pa November 22, 2013, kuti azitsatira malamulo a US Food and Drug Administration. Komabe, mu 2015, kampaniyo inayamba kupereka zigawo zina zaumoyo za mayeso a ma gene, ndipo nthawiyi ndi chivomerezo cha FDA.
Zolemba za Anthu
Boma limasunga mwatsatanetsatane wa zochitika zokhudzana ndi thanzi, monga kuthawa, ukwati, kubadwa, ndi imfa. Kuwerengera kwa US kuwerengetsa zambirimbiri zaka 10 kuyambira 1790. Masamba a Census 'webusaitiyi anali ndi maselo 370 biliyoni kuyambira chaka cha 2013, ndipo pafupifupi 11 biliyoni zinawonjezeka pachaka.
Mafufuza a Webusaiti
Mafufuza a pawebusaji omwe anasonkhanitsidwa ndi Google ndi othandizira ena pa intaneti akhoza kupereka zenizeni zenizeni zokhudzana ndi thanzi la anthu. Komabe, kufunika kwa deta yaikulu kuchokera pazomwe mukufuna kufufuza pa webusaiti kungapindulike mwa kuyanjana ndi zida za chikhalidwe cha thanzi.
Social Media
Facebook, Twitter ndi zina zomwe zimawonetserako zofalitsa zimapanga mauthenga osiyanasiyana mozungulira nthawi, ndikuwonetsa malo, makhalidwe abwino, malingaliro, komanso kugwirizana kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chachikulu cha chitukuko cha zaumoyo kuwonetsetsa thanzi lachidziwitso kunatchulidwa ngati matenda a digito kapena matenda a digito. Twitter, mwachitsanzo, wakhala akugwiritsira ntchito kufufuza matenda a chiwindi pakati pa anthu ambiri.
Pulogalamu ya World Well-Being yomwe inayambira ku yunivesite ya Pennsylvania ndi chitsanzo china chophunzira maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti amvetse bwino zomwe zimachitikira anthu ndi thanzi lawo bwino. Ntchitoyi imabweretsa pamodzi akatswiri a zamaganizo, owerenga masewerawa komanso akatswiri a zamakompyuta omwe amafufuza chilankhulidwe chogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti, mwachitsanzo, polemba zolemba pa Facebook ndi Twitter. Asayansi akuwona momwe chinenero cha owerenga chikugwirizanirana ndi thanzi lawo ndi chimwemwe chawo. Kupititsa patsogolo pakukonzekera chinenero chamagetsi ndi kuphunzira makina akuthandiza ndi ntchito zawo. Buku lina laposachedwa kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Pennsylvania linayang'ana njira zodziwiratu matenda okhudza maganizo poganizira za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Zikuwoneka kuti zizindikiro za kupsinjika maganizo ndi zinthu zina zamaganizo zimatha kupezeka powerenga kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Asayansi akuyembekeza zamtsogolo njira izi zidzatha kudziwa bwino ndikuthandiza anthu omwe ali pangozi.
Internet ya Zinthu (IoT)
Maphwando akuluakulu okhudzana ndi zaumoyo amasonkhanitsidwa ndikusungidwa pa zipangizo zam'manja ndi zapanyumba .
- Mafoni a m'manja : Mapulogalamu Amapulogalamu Ambiri amatha kudziwa zambiri zokhudza ntchito zomwe akugwiritsa ntchito, kupatsa zakudya, kugona, maganizo, ndi zina. Mapulogalamu a foni yam'manja (mwachitsanzo, GPS, imelo, mauthenga) angaperekenso mayankho okhudza umoyo wa munthu.
- Zowonongeka ndi zipangizo: Pedometers, accelerometers, magalasi, mawotchi, ndi mapepala opangidwa pansi pa khungu amasonkhanitsanso zokhudzana ndi zaumoyo ndipo amatha kuwatulutsanso mumtambo.
- Zipangizo za Telemedicine zimapereka mwayi wothandizira odwala kuti ayang'ane mbali za odwala monga kuthamanga kwa magazi, kuthamanga kwa mtima, kupuma kwa mpweya, kutentha kwa mpweya, kutentha, kuthamanga kwa ECG, ndi kulemera kwake.
Kusintha kwachuma
'Odwala odwala' ngongole ya ngongole akuphatikizidwa mu zitsanzo zogwiritsiridwa ntchito za Carolinas HealthCare System kuti azindikire odwala omwe ali pachiopsezo chachikulu kuti abwerere kuchipatala. Wopereka chithandizo cha zachipatala cha Charlotte amagwiritsa ntchito deta yaikulu kuti agawanire odwala m'magulu osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito matenda ndi malo.
Zotsatira za chikhalidwe ndi zachinsinsi
Ziyenera kuwonetsedwera kuti, nthawi zina, pangakhale phindu lofunika komanso lachinsinsi pakusonkhanitsa ndi kupeza deta kuchipatala. Zatsopano zatsopano zingathe kumvetsetsa zomwe zimakhudza anthu ndi thanzi la anthu, komabe zoopsa zosiyanasiyana ziyenera kuonedwa mosamala ndi kuyang'anitsidwa. Izi zadziwikiranso kuti deta yomwe poyamba idatchulidwe, imatha kudziwika. Mwachitsanzo, Pulofesa Latanya Sweeney wa Harvard's Data Privacy Lab anawongolera odzipereka 1,130 omwe ali nawo Pulogalamu yaumwini. Iye ndi timu yake adatha kutchula 42 peresenti ya ophunzira mogwirizana ndi zomwe adagawana nazo (ZIP code, tsiku lobadwa, chikhalidwe). Chidziwitso ichi chikhoza kuwonjezera kuzindikira kwathu koopsa komanso kutithandiza kupanga deta yabwino yophatikizapo zisankho.
> Zotsatira:
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> Guntuku S, Yaden D, Kern M, Ungar L, Eichstaedt J. Kuzindikira kupsinjika maganizo ndi matenda a m'maganizo pazofalitsa zamagulu: kuyankhulana kwakukulu . Malingaliro Amakono mu Sayansi ya Chikhalidwe 2017; 18: 43-49.
> Lazer D, Kennedy R, Mfumu G, Vespignani A. Fanizo la Google Flu: Misampha mu Big Data Analysis . Science 2014; 343 (6176): 1203-1205.
> Raghupathi W, Raghupathi V. Big data analytics in healthcare: lonjezo ndi potential al. Sayansi yowona zaumoyo ndi machitidwe 2014; 2: 3.
> Sweeney L, Abu A, Winn J. Kuzindikiritsa Ophunzira pa Ntchito Yachikhalidwe Chawo Ndi Dzina . University of Harvard. Lamulo lazinsinsi la Deta. White Paper 1021-1. April 24, 2013.