Kodi mukukhulupirira kuti kufufuza kwasungidwa kwa asayansi? Kawirikawiri amaganiza kuti muyenera kukhala ndi Ph.D. ndipo ukhale wogwirizana ndi bungwe la kafukufuku kuti uchite nawo ntchito yodziwika bwino ya sayansi. Kodi-Bi-biology (Biology kapena DIY Bio), yomwe imatchedwanso biohacking, imatsutsa mfundo imeneyi.
Gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi likufalitsa njira zogwirizana ndi sayansi pakati pa anthu omwe ali payekha.
Biohackers akunena kuti aliyense angathe kuthandiza kwambiri pa biology. Biohacking imabweretsa kusiyana pakati pa asayansi amateur ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo.
Tsopano pali mikhalidwe yomwe magulu awiriwa amakumana nawo mabala amakono omwe ali omasuka kwa anthu. Ntchito yokhudzana ndi biohacking ikhoza kukhala chilakolako cha moyo wonse, chokondweretsa kapena nthawi zina bizinesi yaikulu yotsatira bizinesi. Komabe, malipiro a ndalama sapezeka kawirikawiri; Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti pali zinthu zambiri zatsopano zomwe zimagwira ntchito.
Kuyambira mu 1988, DIY Bio yakhazikitsidwa kale. Mu 2016, msonkhano woyambitsa biohacking unachitikira ku Oakland - BiohaCk THE PLANET (BioHTP). BioHTP inanena kuti midzi ikukula, ponseponse ndi padziko lonse lapansi. Oyankhula ambiri omwe ali ndi zofuna zosiyana ndi madera a udzidzidzi omwe akupezeka pamsonkhano. Anaphatikizapo asayansi, ojambula zithunzi, ndi omwe anayambitsa mabala osiyanasiyana a biohacking.
Mmodzi wa oyankhula otchuka kwambiri anali Stanford wa Andrew Drew Endy, Ph.D., pulofesa wothandizira wa bioengineering, yemwe watchulidwa kuti ndi mmodzi mwa anthu 75 otchuka kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 21st ndi Esquire. Iye wakhala akugwirizanitsa kwambiri ndi dera la biohacking ndipo amadziwika pochirikiza lingaliro la sayansi yotseguka ndi zowonongeka mwatsatanetsatane.
Biohackers for Innovation mu Mankhwala
Kodi anthu ena akuvutika ndikufa mopanda malire chifukwa cha maofesi akuluakulu komanso zofuna zachuma za makampani ndi anthu ena? Funso limeneli kawirikawiri limapangidwa ndi olemba nkhani. Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi umphawi ndi choncho, kukhala kofunikira kwambiri mu bungwe la DIY Bio. Lingaliro loti chithandizo chamankhwala ndi mankhwala chikhale chosavuta kuchipeza chiri chokakamiza, ndipo odwala matendawa akuyembekeza kupanga mankhwala opulumutsa moyo kwa aliyense.
Kutsegula Insulini, mwachitsanzo, ndi ntchito yomwe ikuyendetsedwa ndi gulu la biohackers omwe akuyang'ana kupanga njira yatsopano ya insulini yomwe ingakhale yowonjezera ndalama komanso yowonjezera. Ntchitoyi ikukula, ndipo anthu ambiri akuzindikira zolinga zawo.
Pakalipano, palibe insulini yowonjezera yomwe ilipo, ndipo odwala ambiri, makamaka m'madera osauka kwambiri padziko lapansi, amachoka. Izi zimawaika pangozi yowonjezera mavuto okhudzana ndi shuga, monga khungu, mitsempha ndi ubongo wa impso, mavuto a mtima, ngakhale imfa. Mapulogalamu ogulitsa mankhwala opanga insulini ndi ovuta ndipo nthawi zambiri amatha, kotero gulu la Open Insulin likufuna kukhazikitsa njira yosavuta yomwe ingapezeke kwa aliyense.
Iyi ndi ndondomeko yambiri. Gawo 1 lidzaphatikiza kuyika kwa DNA yokhazikika mu mabakiteriya E.coli kuti apangitse mabakiteriya kuti apange insulin. Izi zidzatsatiridwa ndi kutsimikizira kuti proinsulin ya munthu yakhala ikupangidwa. Pakapita nthawi, mawonekedwe a insulini amayamba. Ogwira ntchitoyi ndi onse odzipereka, ndipo ndalama zonse zowonjezera Open Insulin zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji pamagwiridwe awo.
Open Insulin inavomerezedwa ndi Josiah Zayner, Ph.D., CEO ndi woyambitsa wa The Odin, yemwe ndi wochirikiza kwambiri demokalase mu sayansi ndi mankhwala.
Kampani ya Zayner ya biohacking ikubweretsa CRISPR yotsika mtengo (yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza nthawi yayitali), yomwe ili ndi dongosolo lokonza ma gene ndipo ingasinthe DNA ya zamoyo. Mayesero omwe amathandiza angathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa thanzi la munthu kuti apititse patsogolo mowa wa mowa. Kuti muyambe, makiti a CRISPR amadzaza ndi chitsanzo choyesera chomwe chimaphunzitsa wophunzira za biology yeniyeni yeniyeni ndi njira zowunikira jini. Mwinanso, mungasankhe kugula chida cha Odin chomwe chimakulolani kuti muzipanga yisiti yanu ya fulorosenti.
Zayner anagwiritsa ntchito zolemba zake kuti athandize kuthana ndi mavuto ake a m'mimba. Iye mwiniyo ankachita kuika thupi lonse lathunthu. Microbiome ili ndi mabiliyoni ambiri a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndipo imakhala ndi mabakiteriya ambiri omwe amapezeka mthupi lathu lonse: pakhungu, m'matumbo, mphuno, pakamwa, ndi zina.
Zayner adalowetsa kachilombo koyambitsa matenda ake ndi mankhwala abwino kuchokera kwa wopereka. Izi zinaphatikizapo kulowetsa zitsanzo za fodya, zomwe zinaikidwa mkati mwa capsule wosabala. Ndondomekoyi ikhonza kufaniziridwa ndi kuika kwachangu , ngakhale kuti sizinasinthidwe. Zochita za Zayner zakhala zothandiza kwambiri kwa iye. Komabe, njira zake sizingakhale zobvomerezeka muzipatala chifukwa cha zifukwa zosiyanasiyana.
Kuchokera ku State-of-The-Art Research Facilities ku Ma Garage Labs
Kawirikawiri, anthu osokoneza bongo akugwira ntchito kunyumba, kuchokera kuzipinda zawo kapena magalasi. M'malo motsatira malangizo ndi malamulo, iwo ali ndi ufulu wofufuza momwe akusankhira. Iwo amagwira ntchito okha kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, ndipo nthawi zina amaphatikizapo katswiri wa sayansi yemwe angathe kupereka chitsogozo.
Pali zina zosokoneza kuti biohacking, komabe. Zida zamakono, mwachitsanzo, zingakhale zovuta kupeza ngati mulibe mwayi wopeza. Taq polymerase ndi chinthu chimodzi chotere - ichi ndi DNA polymerase yofunika kwambiri kuti polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ikukhudzidwe ndi DNA amplification.
Gawo lalikulu la ntchito ya biohacking m'bungwe ndi maphunziro. Maphunzirowa amathandiza anthu kuti adziwe kuchokera kwa akatswiri, kotero, iwo amatha kuthandizapo sayansi. Mu 2010, labotolo yoyamba yopangira biotechnology, yotchedwa Genspace, inatsegulidwa ku Brooklyn, New York. Monga ndi njira zina zambiri za DIY Bio, idayambitsidwa ndi gulu la asayansi odzipereka. Kusintha kumeneku kumalimbikitsa sayansi komanso kumalimbikitsa anthu kuti azigwira ntchito zawo ndikufufuza maganizo awo. Maphunziro a Genspace amaphunzitsidwa ndi akatswiri omwe ali ndi digiri ya doctoral, ndipo umembala ndi $ 100 pamwezi, kuphatikizapo 24/7 kupeza malo, zipangizo, ndi antchito odzipereka.
Maphunziro a Zotsutsana ndi Zipangizo Zamabuku ndizosayansi za ku Oakland zomwe zimayambitsa biohacking komanso zachikhalidwe. Iwo, nawonso, amapereka mamembala awo ma laboratory omwe ali ndi zida zokwanira. Akukonzekera kuika labu la 2 la bio mtsogolo mtsogolo, lomwe lidzawathandiza kugwira ntchito pa maselo aumunthu ndikupatula zamoyo zatsopano zakutchire.
Ngati mukufuna kupeza labu la biohacking lanu, muli maiko ambiri ku North America, komanso malo ena padziko lonse. Zochita za DIY zimakhala pafupi kuposa momwe mukuganizira.
Lingaliro la biohacking tsopano likhoza kukhala lopitirira malire a labi zachikhalidwe. Mapulogalamu, ma bokosi a masikati, ma laboratories akhoza kukhalapo. Bento Lab ndi chitsanzo chimodzi. Izi ndibukulu lakafukufuku wa DNA yomwe imaphatikizapo zipangizo zonse zofunika pa biology. Zimakuthandizani kuti mutenge zitsanzo za DNA, ndikupanga DNA yofufuza. Zimaphatikizapo thermocycler, centrifuge, ndi bokosi la DNA electrophoresis, kulisandutsa kachipangizo kakang'ono ka labotale, kakakonzedwa mu bokosi lokonzekera lomwe likufanana ndi laputopu.
Ogwirizanitsa Bento Lab Philipp Boeing ndi Bethan Wolfenden adakweza ndalama za labu kupyolera mu msonkhano wa Kickstarter. Pamene Bento Lab imatha kutumiza mankhwala ake, zatsopano zitha kukhala zogwirizana kwambiri ndi malaibulale a sukulu komanso okonda biohacking.
Kodi Kusokoneza Ubongo Kumakhala Kosavuta?
Otsutsa ena amakhudzidwa ndi chitetezo cha mabala a garage ndipo amanena kuti biohacking ikhoza kukhala yoopsa, makamaka pakugwira ntchito ndi zamoyo. Ntchito imeneyi siidayendetsedwa, yomwe ndi yopindulitsa komanso yopindulitsa.
Kumbali imodzi, anthu osagwirizana ndi malamulo a boma akhoza kupangitsa malire a sayansi kupitirira. Komabe, ena amaopa kuti tizilombo ting'onoting'ono tomwe timayambitsa matendawa angapangidwe mu mabala awo. Komabe, biohacking sichikuwoneka kuti yasintha ku boma kumene kuli koopsa komabe, ndipo sizingatheke kuti akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo akhoza kuchita nawo mapulojekiti othandizira kusintha. Omwe amadziwika okha amalimbikitsanso mawonekedwe a kuyang'anitsitsa mwa kuwonetsetsa ndi kuyang'anitsitsa anzawo.
Komabe, izi zingasinthe ngati asayansi ayamba kukonza majini a anthu ndi kusintha zamoyo za anthu. Ubwino ndi zoopsa za njira zoterezi (mwachitsanzo, kusintha mwana wosabadwa) ndizovuta kwambiri ndipo zimafuna kuyang'anitsitsa mwatsatanetsatane. Izi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa zochitika zonse zomwe zingayambe kuyesera, kuphatikizapo ma labungwe ovomerezeka. Akatswiri ambiri amatsutsa ntchito zonse zomwe zingachititse kuti anthu asinthidwe. Izi, September, Nuffield Council on Bioethics - bungwe lokhazikika lomwe limalangiza olemba mapulani - linasindikiza ndondomeko ya chikhalidwe pa kusintha kwa genome. Mu lipoti lawo, iwo amachenjeza za momwe zamoyo zosinthira zamoyo zingayendetse kunja kwa malo olamulidwa ndipo makamaka zimatchula asayansi amateur amene tsopano ali ndi makina otsika mtengo pa intaneti.
Mabakiteriya ambiri a biohacking amangogwira ntchito ndi mabakiteriya omwe amawoneka otetezeka. Mwachitsanzo, Genspace amagwiritsa ntchito zamoyo zopanda pathogen ndipo sizigwira ntchito ndi maselo aumunthu. Amagwirizanitsanso ndi bungwe lina lopangira uphungu. Mogwirizana ndi izi, akatswiri ena amati anthu ayenera kulola zipangizo zamakono kuti ziziyenda bwino pakuyang'ana zomwe zikuchitika, kotero kuyesetsa kumeneku kuli ndi mwayi wabwino wotsogolera zotsatira zabwino pamene akupitiriza.
> Zotsatira:
> Kaebnick G, Gusmano M, Murray T. The Ethics of Synthetic Biology: Zotsatira Zotsatira ndi Mafunso Oyamba. Hastings Center Report . 2014; 44: S4 -S26.
> Kera D. Zolinga zamaganizo zokhudzana ndi kugwirizanitsa ndi kuzungulira padziko lonse: Zamoyo zamoyo ndi zamoyo zamakono m'madera oopsya. Technol Soc . 2014; 37 (Nanotech akupita kudziko lina: Mayiko apadziko lonse a nanotechnology monga kusintha kosinthika): 28-37.
> Meyer M. Kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi sayansi ya demokalase: Zomwe zimapangidwira. J Mater Cult . June 2013; 18 (2): 117-134.
> Chifukwa Chakumayambiriro O. Kodi Kusayendetsa Bwino Biohacking Tsogolo la Sayansi?: New at Reason. [kujambula pa intaneti]. 2016