Tazungulira ndi nkhungu. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhungu imakhalapo m'chilengedwe ndipo ambiri amakhala opanda vuto kwa anthu, ngakhale kuti mawu monga "poizoni nkhungu" komanso "poizoni wakuda" amawonetsedwa m'mafilimu. Zoonadi, nkhungu imangotulutsa matenda aakulu mwa iwo omwe ali ndi mphamvu zowonongeka (kutanthauza kuti osagonjetsedwa).
Anthu omwe amagwira ntchito kapena amakhala m'nyumba zomwe zimawonongeka madzi nthawi zina amadandaula za "nkhungu zakuda" kapena "nkhungu zoopsa." Mmalo mwa nkhungu ndi poizoni, mwinamwake nkhungu imatcha kupsyinjika.
Nkhungu imakula makamaka m'nyumba zomwe zimawonongeka. Chofunika kwambiri, nyumba zowonongeka kwa madzi zasonyezedwa kuti zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi matenda a zomangamanga , zomwe zimayambitsa zizindikiro zosayenera monga fever, kutopa, ndi kunyoza.
Kodi Mtengo N'chiyani?
Mawu akuti "nkhungu" amatanthauza nkhungu zambirimbiri zomwe zimamera ngati chida chokhala ndi makina osakanikirana. Nkhungu ndi mbali ya bwalo la moyo, ndipo imathanso kuwonongeka.
Nazi nkhungu zambiri zomwe zimapezeka m'nyumba ndi nyumba zina:
- Alternaria
- Aspergillus
- Cladosporium
- Penicillium
Zinyumba zochepa zomwe zimapezeka mkati zimaphatikizapo izi:
- Fusarium
- Stachybotrys
- Trichoderma
Kawirikawiri, nkhungu imamera m'nyumba zomwe zakhala zikuwonongeke kwambiri chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa madzi, kusefukira kwa madzi, ndi zina zotero. Nkhungu imatha kukula m'nyumba zomwe zimakhala ndi zomera zokha kapena zoipitsidwa ndi mkodzo wa nyama.
Mold Zowopsa
Kugwirizana pakati pa nkhungu ndi matenda a kupuma kwakhala kosangalatsa kwa zaka zambiri.
Mu 1670, James Bolton anayamba kuganiza za chigwirizano, ndipo m'zaka za m'ma 1800, asayansi ena ochepa adatsatira zomwezo. Kwa zaka zambiri, pakhala pali umboni wokhudzana ndi umboni umene anthu ambiri amavomereza kuti nkhungu imayambitsa matenda.
Zizindikiro zambiri za nkhungu zowonongeka ndi fungo (mwachitsanzo, matenda oopsa) ndi mphumu.
Anthu omwe ali ndi atopy ali pachiopsezo chachikulu cha nkhungu zowonongeka. Mankhwalawa amatanthauza kuti chibadwa chimayambitsa matenda opatsirana monga asthma, eczema, ndi allergenic rhinitis (ie fever).
Anthu omwe amadwala nkhungu nthawi zambiri amatsutsana ndi zinthu zina monga:
- Dander wanyama
- Mafumbi
- Grass pollens
- Mtengo wamtengo
- Weed pollens
Mwachidziwitso kwambiri, nkhungu zowononga, monga zowononga zinyama zamtundu, udzu wa udzu, ndi zina zotero, ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwagE-mediated hypersensitive reaction. Mofanana ndi zina zotere, kuyesa khungu kungagwiritsidwe ntchito pofuna kuthandizira kuwonetsa nkhungu. Kuwonjezera apo-monga ndi zovuta zowonjezereka-kuyezetsa kwa radioallergosorbent (RAST) kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kudziwa kuchuluka kwa ma antibodies omwe amadziwika ndi seramu ku nkhungu m'magazi.
M'chaka cha 2005 chomwe chinafalitsidwa mu Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology , Edmondson ndi alembi ena anaphunzira ophunzira 65 kuchokera pakati pa zaka za pakati pa 1.5 ndi 52 omwe amapereka mwayi wopita kuchipatala komanso kudandaula ndi "poizoni." Mwa ophunzirawo, 53 peresenti anali ndi mawonekedwe a khungu pakhungu poyesedwa khungu.
Pano pali madandaulo akulu pakati pa ophunzira kuti athe kuchepa:
- Chigwagwa
- Kukuda
- Mutu
- Zizindikiro za kupuma (kutsokomola, kupuma, etc.)
- Central nervous system
- Kutopa
Ngakhale kuti zizindikirozi sizowoneka bwino komanso zimachitika, pofufuza kafukufuku, akatswiri ofufuzawo anawona kuti phokoso limakhala lopweteka kwambiri.
Kukhala ndi mbiri ya zizindikiro za kupuma-monga mphumu-zomwe zimamveka ku nyumba inayake zimathandizira kuganizira za nkhungu. Pazifukwa zina, ngati mukukumana ndi zizindikiro zoterozo, ndizofunika kugawana ndi malo anu, ntchito, kapena sukulu. Kufufuza zizindikiro za masabata awiri mubuku kungathandize kudziwa malo omwe akuyambitsa matenda.
Kupatula kuyankha kwa chitetezo cha mthupi mwa IgE, zakhala zikugodometsedwa kuti zina zomwe zimakhala mu nkhungu zimatha kugwira ntchito mu matenda ozunguza nkhungu. Mitundu ya mankhwala imaphatikizapo mycotoxins, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nkhungu, ndi mtundu wa glucans, zomwe zimapanga makoma a khungu. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, nkhungu zimapanga mankhwala osakanikirana (VOCs) -momwe amatha kukhala ndi makononi olemera kwambiri a maselo, mowa, ndi aldehydes-zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi matenda opangidwa ndi nkhungu. Mwachidziwikire, ndi VOC izi zomwe zimapangitsa nkhungu kukhala yoyenera, yosautsa.
Komabe, palibe umboni wotsimikizira kuti njira zomwe sizinagwirizane ndi njira zomwe zimagwirizanitsa zimathandiza kuti nkhungu zikhale zochepa. M'mawu ena, ngakhale kuti nkhungu imayambitsa chifuwa ndipo ndi chifuwa chachikulu, tilibe umboni uliwonse kuti pambuyo pochita zinthu zina mu nkhungu zingapangitse anthu kudwala.
Utsogoleri
Palibe chithandizo chamankhwala chapadera cha nkhungu zowonongeka. Komabe, mphumu ndi chiwindi, zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha nkhungu, zimatha kuchiritsidwa pogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osiyanasiyana komanso mankhwala owonjezera. Ngati n'kotheka, ndi bwino kupewa nyumba yomwe ingayambitse nkhungu zanu. Komabe, izi sizingakhale zoona nthawi zonse.
Ngati muli ndi chifuwa cha nkhungu ndipo mutalowa mu malo omwe mukuganiza kuti amakoka nkhungu, mukhoza kuvala maskiti. Monga njira yowonetsera, mukhoza kutenga mankhwala opatsirana musanayambe kulowa m'deralo.
Nyumba zimayesedwa nkhungu. Zitsanzo za mlengalenga zingathe kufanana ndi zitsanzo za kunja kwa mpweya kuti mudziwe nkhungu. Kuwonjezera apo, zowonjezera, zopukuta, ndi khoma zowonongeka zingathenso kuthandizidwa kuti azindikire nkhungu mu nyumba, koma zitsanzozi sizingathe kudziwa kuti nkhungu imapuma bwanji.
Yogwirizana ndi Sick Building Syndrome
Nkhungu, yomwe imagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuwonongeka kwa madzi, ikhoza kukhala yowopsya yomwe imatsogolera ku matenda a zomangamanga . Mosiyana ndi dzina limatanthauza, matenda ogwira ntchito odwala akufotokozera momwe anthu ogwira ntchito akudwala chifukwa cha nyumba yosauka yapamwamba-ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chinyezi komanso kuchepa kwa mpweya kukhala wopereka wamkulu. Kuphatikiza pa kuwonongeka kwa madzi ndi nkhungu, zifukwa zina za matenda a zomangamanga zimaphatikizapo fumbi, kusungunula, ndi Kutentha kotentha, mpweya wabwino, ndi ma air-conditioning (HVAC).
Ngakhale kuti matenda odwala matendawa sali ovomerezeka monga magulu ochizira matenda, mabungwe ena amachenjeza za kukhalako kwake, kuphatikizapo Occupational Safety ndi Health Administration (OSHA) ndi Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Matenda ogulitsa matenda ndizokangana, ndipo pamene akuwonetsedwa mopanda malire, zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi zomangamanga ku malo ochizira, madokotala ena amathetsa vutoli ndi antidepressants.
Pano pali malangizo ena othandizira odwala matenda osokoneza bongo omwe amagwiranso ntchito popanga zizindikiro:
- Konzani bwino kayendedwe ka kutentha ndi chinyezi.
- Dziwani malo omwe awonongeka ndi madzi.
- Onetsetsani kuti nyumbayo ndi yoyera.
- Onetsetsani zonse zosokoneza mpweya, zowonongeka, ndi zowonongeka.
- Yesetsani kutsegula mawindo otsegula mpweya wabwino.
- Tengani mpumulo kuchokera ku malo amkati kupita kunja ndikuyendayenda.
Pano pali malangizo ena ochokera ku American College of Asthma, Allergy & Immunology ponena za kupewa nkhungu zowopsa:
- Sambani kutsuka kulikonse kapena kubwerera mwamsanga.
- Sulani makotita anu ndi zitini za zinyalala.
- Gwiritsani ntchito piritsi yowononga pans.
- Tsegulani mawindo a mpweya wabwino m'madera otupa ngati bafa
- Gwiritsani ntchito ziwonetsero kapena kutulutsa mafilimu m'malo otupa ngati bafa.
Nyumba zomwe zaipitsidwa ndi nkhungu zimatha kusintha, ndi kukonzanso kuti zisamangidwe. Kuwonjezera pa kuyambitsa matenda ndi zofukiza zoipa, nkhungu ikhoza kuononga zipangizo zomwe zimapangidwira. Pano pali njira zowonongeka zomwe mungachite pokonzanso nyumba.
- Gwero la chinyezi, chomwe chimalimbikitsa kukula kwa nkhungu, chiyenera kuchotsedwa kwathunthu m'nyumba. Mwachitsanzo, ngati njira ya HVAC imayambitsa kukula kwa nkhungu, iyenera kuchotsedwa.
- Kupaka, zowonongeka, kapena zipangizo zina zowonongeka zimayenera kuchotsedwa mnyumbamo ndikuchotsedwa.
- Zitsulo zonse ndi zovala (zowonongeka) ziyenera kusambitsidwa kapena kutsuka. Ngati zinthu izi zikupuma pambuyo poyeretsa bwino, ziyenera kutayidwa.
Akatswiri oyeretsa ogwira ntchito zamakono ndi akatswiri a zomangamanga angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti ayese nyumba yomanga nkhungu.
Mu malo ogwira ntchito, ndibwino kutenga zithunzi za kuwonongeka kwa madzi ndi njira zoyendetsera njira zokhudzana ndi nkhawa za nkhungu. Kapenanso, OSHA kapena EPA akhoza kuyanjanitsidwa kuti apange kufufuza kwapamwamba.
Mold Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy amatanthauza kuchiza matenda pogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zomwe zimateteza chitetezo cha mthupi. Kuwombera mliri ndi mtundu wa chitetezo cha thupi chomwe chimaperekedwa pofuna kuchiza kapena kuteteza zochita mwa anthu omwe amatsutsa mitengo, udzu, namsongole, dander, fumbi, ndi zina zotero. Pali zofukufuku zochepa zokhudzana ndi nkhungu yotchedwa immunotherapy. Komabe, pakadali pano, kuteteza thupi kwa nkhungu sikunakonzedwe.
Kuphatikiza pa kukhala kosavuta kwa mayesero osinthika omwe amayang'aniridwa ndi mold immunotherapy, maphunziro adangoyang'ana mitundu iwiri ya nkhungu: Alternaria ndi Cladosporium . Kuwonjezera apo, nkhungu zimakhala ndi proteases (mtundu wa enzyme) zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala odwala kwambiri kuti athandizidwe. Chifukwa cha mavitaminiwa, zozizwitsa zosiyanasiyana za nkhungu sizikhoza kusakanikirana pamodzi.
Chigumula
Nyumba zomwe zimakhala ndi madzi pambuyo pa mphepo yamkuntho kapena kusefukira kwa madzi ndizowopsa kwambiri kuti zisawonongeke ndi nkhungu. Nkhungu imatengedwa mumadzi osefukira. Mu zovutazi, zochitika mwamsanga ndi zofunikira kuti zisawononge kukula kwa nkhungu. Anthu omwe ali ndi chiwopsezo, mphumu, kapena zofooka za chitetezo cha mthupi siziyenera kuchitidwa mukukonzanso nkhungu.
CDC imapereka ndondomeko yeniyeni yofotokozera momwe mungachotsere nkhungu pambuyo pa chigumula, kuphatikizapo zotsatirazi:
- Onetsetsani kuti chinthu chilichonse chimadzimiza m'madzi kwa masiku oposa awiri chikudetsedwa ndi nkhungu.
- Chikopa, matabwa, mapepala, ndi galasi sangathe kunyamulidwa ndi nkhumba ndipo zimafunika kuti zikhale zotayika.
- Gwiritsani ntchito bleach kutsuka nkhungu pansi, zitofu, zouma, flatware, mbale, zida, ndi zinthu zina zolimba.
- Pokonzekera njira yothetsera bleach, sakanizani bleach ndi madzi mofanana.
- Osakanikirana ndi bleach ndi ammonia kapena ena oyeretsa.
- Pogwiritsira ntchito bleach, sungani mawindo.
- Sambani zinthu zing'onozing'ono ndi bleach ndikutsuka izi ndi madzi. Kenako, asiye kunja kuti aziume.
- Gwiritsani ntchito maburashi kuti awononge malo opangira zinthu zovuta.
- Poyeretsa nkhungu, zipangizo zoziteteza ziyenera kuvala, kuphatikizapo mapepala, magolovesi a mpira, mabotolo a mphira, ndi mpweya wabwino.
Mawu Ochokera
Ngakhale kuti mawu akuti "poizoni nkhungu" ndi "black mold" amanyansidwa, anthu ambiri amatsutsa nkhungu. Pakalipano, palibe mankhwala enieni omwe angapangidwe ndi nkhungu, ndi kupeĊµa chilengedwe chokhumudwitsa chokha chotsutsana ndi moto. Komabe, mphumu ndi udzu wamkuntho, zomwe zimakhala zizindikiro za ubongo, zingachiritsidwe.
Ngati mukuganiza kuti mwina mukuvutika ndi zovuta, ndibwino kuti mukumane ndi wotsutsa. Wosayambitsa matenda angathe kuyesa khungu lanu kapena magazi kuti zikhale ndi ma antibodies ndi mitundu yofanana ya nkhungu ndi kupanga malingaliro enieni okhudzana ndi mkhalidwe wanu.
Kukonza zomangamanga kungathandizenso kuchotseratu gwero la kukula kwa nkhungu ku nyumba. Zida zomanga zokha ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa. Komabe, kukonzedwa koteroko kungakhale kotsika mtengo, ndipo ndi bwino kuyang'ana ndi nkhungu zothandizira akatswiri musanachite izi.
Pomalizira, nyumba zowonjezera zimayambitsidwa ndi nkhungu. Ndikofunika kutengapo kanthu mwamsanga pakusintha njira zotero kuti zisawononge kukula kwa nkhungu.
> Zotsatira:
> Balmes JR. Mutu 107. Mitengo. Mu: Olson KR. eds. Kuchepetsa & Kudyetsa Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo, 6e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
> Osungira, AT, Chang, C, Gershwin, ME. Nkhungu ndi Umoyo waumunthu: Zoona Zenizeni
> Chinoy B, Yee E, Bahna SL. Kuyezetsa khungu ndi kuyerekezera kwa radioallergosorbent kwa zotsekula m'nyumba. Chipatala cha Clin Mol. 2005; 3: 4. Kliniki Rev Allerg Immunol (2017) 52: 305-322.
> Coop, CA. Immunotherapy kwa Kutentha kwa Mold. Kliniki Rev Allerg Immunol (2014) 47: 289-298.
> Edmondson, DA. Kuwopsa ndi "poizoni nkhungu". Ann Allergy Phumu Immunol. 2005 Feb; 94 (2): 234-9.