Mmene Ubongo Umayendetsera Chisoni
Kuchiza kupweteka kosatha si kophweka, ndipo kungakhale kokhumudwitsa kwa odwala onse ndi madokotala. Kupweteka kumakhala kovuta kuyeza moyenera, kumakakamiza madokotala kudalira malingaliro a odwala, ndipo pali chidziwitso chaching'ono pakati pa ululu waumphawi ndi kuwonongeka kwa minofu. Anthu ena samva ululu ngakhale kuti msana wawo amawoneka woopsa pa X-ray, ndipo ena amavutika ndi ululu wammbuyo ngakhale kuti X-ray amawoneka bwino.
Komabe, kuthandiza anthu zopweteka nthawi zonse wakhala kofunika kwa madokotala. Pa chifukwa ichi, kupweteka mu dongosolo la mitsempha kwaphunzira bwino. Tikudziwa zambiri za momwe zizindikiro zimapwetekera thupi, komanso momwe thupi lathu limayesera kuti lizilamulira.
Zizindikiro Zowawa M'thupi
Thupi limakhala ndi mitsempha yambiri, yotchedwa nociceptors , yomwe imatumiza zizindikiro zowawa kumtsempha wa msana. Pali mitsempha yosiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ululu-mwachitsanzo, mtundu umodzi umatumiza uthenga wokhudza ululu woopsa, ndi wina za moto. Mafinya opweteka amalowa mumtsempha wamtsempha, kumene amatha kupita mmwamba kapena kutsika mtengo ndi synapse ndi maselo ena pamphuno yopitirira. Kuchokera pamenepo amolokera kumbali ina ya chingwe ndi kuthamanga pamphepete mwa spinothalamic to the thalamus.
Thalamus amatumizira uthenga wopweteka ku khungu la ubongo. Pali malo angapo a miyala yamtunduwu omwe amagwirizanitsa ndi momwe munthu amafotokozera za ululu, kuphatikizapo kapangidwe ka kansalu kakang'ono kameneka, kansalu kakang'ono kamene kali ndi khungu, ndi insula.
Chifukwa chakuti pali malo ambiri amchere omwe amachititsa ululu, kuwonongeka kwa cortical sikungathetsere ululu kupatula ngati chotupacho ndi chachikulu kwambiri.
Kudwala kwachilengedwe
Imodzi mwa njira zodziwika bwino zothetsera ululu ndi mankhwala opweteka monga opiates. M'zaka za m'ma 1970, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo atulukira kuti thupi lathu limapanga opiates, omwe amatchedwa opiates omwe amatha.
Izi zimapangitsa thupi lathu kulamulira kuchuluka kwa ululu umene timamva. Ubongo ukhoza kutumiza zizindikiro pamtsempha wa msana kuti zisawononge zizindikiro zopweteka zikuyenda msana.
Chitsanzo cholimba cha momwe ubongo umayendera ululu chikhoza kusonyezedwa ndi placebo, chinthu chopanda madzi monga mapiritsi a shuga omwe mwinamwake ali ndi mankhwala othandiza. Mwachitsanzo, mu phunziro lomwe anthu omwe nzeru zawo zinkangokhalira kuchotsedwa, malobowa amatha kupatsa kupweteka kwa digiri. Ngati wapatsidwa nayxone, mankhwala omwe amaletsa opiates onse otheka komanso osadziwika, placebos ikhoza kutha. Maphunziro a MRI ogwira ntchito a anthu omwe amapatsidwa malowa amapeza kusintha kwa hypothalamus, periaqueductal imvi, ndi medulla, kuchirikiza chiphunzitso chakuti zigawozi zimakhudzidwa ndi kupweteka kosautsa.
Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti ululu pamtsempha wamtsempha umaphatikizapo mitundu iwiri ya maselo, ena mwa iwo amavomerezedwa ndi ululu ndi ena omwe amatseka. Ophika amatembenukira "maselo", ndipo ululu umayambitsa "pa" maselo. Izi zimathandiza ubongo kusintha momwe timamvera kupweteka ngakhale pamtunda wa msana.
Momwe Ubongo Umalamulira Mavuto
Cholinga cha ululu ndichokutilimbikitsa kuti tipewe kuvulazidwa ndi kutithandiza kupewa zinthu zomwe zingativulaze m'tsogolomu.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati makoswe ali ndi chipwirikiti mu chipinda, amatha kupewa chipinda chimenecho mtsogolomu.
Izi zikhoza kumveka mophweka, koma nthawi zambiri moyo umatikakamiza kupanga chisankho choti tisanyalanyaze zowawa kapena kuchitapo kanthu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati tchizi taikidwa mu chipinda chomwe makoswe amakhala nacho chovuta, chinyama chili ndi mkangano wamkati ndipo chiyenera kupanga chisankho. Kumvetsetsa chisankho chimenecho kumatithandiza kumvetsa ululu wosatha.
Mu 1984, ofufuza anadyetsa makoswe pamtunda wotentha umene unatsekedwa. Makoswe amatha kukhala ndi rat chow nthawi zonse kapena chokoleti chophimbidwa ndi graham (omwe amaoneka ngati makoswe).
Patadutsa milungu iwiri, mbale yotentha inatsegulidwa. Makoswe, ndithudi, adalumphira. Chokondweretsa ndichoti makoswe omwe anapeza chokoleti chophimbidwa ndi graham ankawotha pang'onopang'ono kuti achoke pamoto wotentha-iwo amatha kupweteka kwambiri poyembekeza mphoto. Chokondweretsa kwambiri chinali chakuti makoswe "maganizo a maganizo" adachoka kwathunthu ndi naloxone, kutanthauza kuti opiates okhazikika ndi omwe amavomeretsa kuti azigwira mwamphamvu pa hotplate poyembekezera chokoleti chophimbidwa ndi ubwino wa graham.
Funso liripobe, kodi mu ubongo amalola ubongo kupanga chisankho cha momwe mungayankhire ndi ululu? Kodi n'chiyani chimalimbikitsa ubongo kuti ugwiritse ntchito ma opioid osakanizika, ndipo n'chiyani chimayambitsa ubongo kukumva kupweteka ndikudumphira pa mbale?
Zambiri zikugwiritsidwabe ntchito, koma mwachidule, kuyankha kupweteka, mmalo moyambitsa mphotho, kumaphatikizapo dongosolo lathu la limbic-dera lodziwika kuti limapangika kuphunzira ndi kutengeka. Izi ndi momwe timaphunzirira kupeĊµa ululu m'tsogolomu. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti asayansi a sayansi ayamba kusintha m'madera amenewa m'maganizo mwa anthu omwe ali ndi ululu wosatha. Chiyembekezo ndi chakuti, pomvetsetsa bwino, njira zatsopano zothandizira zikhoza kuthana ndi ululu pamutu wake weniweni, ubongo, mmalo mopitiriza kufunafuna popanda zotsatirapo zina.
> Zotsatira:
Amanzio M, Benedetti F. Neuropharmacological dissection of placebo analgesia: mawonekedwe oyembekezeredwa opioid mogwirizana ndi machitidwe enaake. The Journal of neuroscience: magazini yovomerezeka ya Society for Neuroscience 1999; 19: 484-494.
Dum J, Herz A. Endorphinergic kufotokoza kwa mphotho za mphoto zomwe zimasonyezedwa ndi kusintha kwa khalidwe. Pharmacology, biochemistry, ndi khalidwe 1984; 21: 259-266.
Hughes J, Smith TW, Kosterlitz HW, Fothergill LA, Morgan BA, Morris HR. Kuzindikiritsa ma pentapeptide awiri okhudzana ndi ubongo ndi ntchito yaikulu ya opiate agonist. Chilengedwe 1975; 258: 577-580.