Zotsatira za Roe v. Wade
Cholinga cha Roe (chochokera ku khoti Lalikulu ku Khoti Lalikulu la 1973) chimateteza ufulu wachinsinsi ndi kuletsa mimba mwalamulo. Zaka makumi atatu zapitazi kuchokera ku Roe v. Wade zabweretsa magawo awo a ndale ndi chikhalidwe chawo, koma zikuwoneka kuti zaka 30+ zotsatira zikhoza kulonjezanso. Kwa amayi ambiri, ufulu wochotsa mimba umangowonjezera zambiri osati kungokhala ndi chinsinsi monga kutetezedwa ndi malamulo athu.
Chigamulochi chawapatsa amayi kukhala ndi mphamvu zogonjetsa tsogolo lawo, mapangidwe a banja, ntchito, ndi tsogolo.
Khoti Lalikulu Lalikulu Silingalephereke Kuchokera ku Roe v. Wade ngakhale kuti adali ndi mwayi wambiri pazaka zapitazo. Ndipotu, chiyambi cha malamulo a Roe chimaopsezedwa ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana m'makhoti ndi malamulo ndipo zinapereka mwayi wambiri kuti Khotili liwononge Roe v. Wade . Boma la Bush Bush linaimbidwa mlandu wotsogolera kwambiri pofuna kuthetsa ufulu wa kubereka. Mu 2003, Pulezidenti George W. Bush adasindikiza lamulo loyamba loletsa kuchotsa mimba, zomwe zimaletsa njira yothetsera mimba (D & X). Ngakhale kuti lamuloli limatchulidwa mwalamulo kuti "Chotsatira Chotsatira Mimba Yopereka Mimba ya 2003," ndikofunika kuwonetsa kuti ndondomekoyi imadziwika bwino kwambiri mu chipatala monga Intact D & X.
"Kuchotsa mimba mwachisawawa" ndizandale, osati mankhwala. Kenaka, mu 2004, Nyumba ya Aimuna inapereka Chigamulo cha Akazi Osabadwa Amene Amachitira Chiwawa, chomwe kwa nthawi yoyamba, chinakhazikitsidwa mulamulo la federal, mwana wosabadwayo ngati munthu walamulo yemwe ali ndi ufulu wosiyana ndi wa amayi oyembekezera.
- Mukuganiza chiyani? Kodi Roe v. Cholinga cha Wade chiyenera kupasulidwa?
Ngakhale kuti tsogolo la Roe v. Wade lingakhale losadziwika, zikuwoneka kuti chisankho chonsecho sichitha kugwedezeka. Milandu yamilandu yapamwamba yamakono ikuthandizira chisankho cha Roe, mbiri yawonetsa kuti ndale zap-moyo zimakonda kupita ku Roe v. Wade , m'malo momatsutsa.
Mbiri yakale yatiwonetsanso kuti Khoti Lalikulu Lidzakhalapo kawirikawiri ndi zomwe adachita kale. Zingaganize kuti kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana kwakhalapo kwa zaka zambiri kuchokera pamene chigamulo cha Roe chidzakhumudwitsa Khoti kuti lisapereke chigamulo chodabwitsa chokhudza omwe ali ndi ufulu wa amayi. Ngakhale kuti chigamulo cha Roe chinafika mwadzidzidzi ndi chochititsa chidwi kwa iwo omwe ankayembekezera kuti lamulo liziteteza moyo wautsikana, zikuwoneka kuti sizingatheke kuti Khoti lidzaperekanso chisankho cholimba pa nkhaniyi.
Ngati zili choncho, akatswiri a mbiri yakale ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale amaneneratu kuti m'malo mopitirira kugonjetsa chisankho cha Roe, oweruzawo angangowonjezera nkhani zokhudzana ndi mimba - zomwe zidzasankhidwa potsata ndondomeko ya malamulo. Ngati izi zikanati zidzachitike, zochitika zowonjezera malamulo komanso zoyendetsera milandu zingayesetse kuyesera kuti pakhale mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa ufulu wa amayi apakati ndi kuteteza mwana.
Choncho, tikhoza kuona malamulo ovomerezeka a mimba makamaka ngati malamulo a boma apatsidwa mphamvu zowonjezera malamulo awo ochotsa mimba. Izi zikunenedwa, ngakhale ngati Khoti lidzakulitsa chigamulo chake chochotsa mimba, zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti lamulo lililonse lomwe limalola kuti mimbayo ipulumutse moyo wa mayi wapakatiyo sichidzatsutsana ndi malamulo.
Roe v. Wade anali, ndipo akupitirizabe, mlandu woweruza kwambiri womwe umakhudza malamulo okhudzana ndi kuchotsa mimba. Khoti lalikulu la Khoti Lalikulu ndilo limodzi la milandu yoweruza milandu yonse.
Zaka zoposa makumi atatu kuchokera pamene Roe adakangana ndi kuganiza, anthu onse ku US akuyesera kugwedeza chisankho komanso kulimbana kuti chikhale cholimba. Kuchokera pa chisankho cha Roe, takhala mboni pa zokangana zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ufulu wokhala ndi ufulu wokhala ndi ufulu wokha kubereka komanso kupewa mimba yosakonzekera . Ngakhale kulimbikitsa anthu ambiri kuti akwaniritse zokambiranazo, mikangano yandale yokhudzana ndi kubereka, nthawi zambiri imaganizira za kuchotsa mimba, kulera , komanso maphunziro a kugonana , komabe silinganyalanyaze zofunikira zina zofunikira za kubereka, monga zosowa za amayi omwe akufuna kupitiriza kutenga mimba (ndikukweza ana), kusankhidwa kwa mimba kapena amayi operewera.
Mwachitsanzo, mimba yambiri imakhala yowonjezereka pamene maanja ambiri amapita ku vitro-feteleza monga njira yogonjetsera kusabereka. Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti nthawi zambiri mimba imawopsa kwambiri kwa amayi ndi ana. Kuwonjezera apo, kukulitsa kuchulukitsa kungachititse kuti munthu asamapanikizika maganizo, kutopa komanso mavuto a zachuma zomwe zingakhale ndi zotsatira zovuta m'banja. Komabe, pa chisankho cha Roe, amai amaloledwa kupanga zosankha zawo pa zomwe zimachitika ndi matupi awo. Nchiyani chimachitika, ndiye, ngati mkazi akuganiza kuti apitirize kupititsa patsogolo chiberekero chomwe chimaphatikizapo kusamutsa mazira asanu kapena kuposerapo pa IVF (ngakhale atadziwa bwino za ubwino ndi zoopsa za mimba zambiri)? Kodi ali ndi ufulu wopanga chisankho (pansi pa Roe v. Wade , iye amachititsa), kapena adokotala ayenera kukhala ndi nkhawa pazochitika zenizeni zowopsa kwa anawo pamene mazira onse amatenga ndikukula (motero, osalola kutumiza)?
Nkhani ngati izi ziyenera kuphatikizidwa mu mkangano wokhudza ufulu wobala. Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa IVF, mazira amatha kuyesedwa kuti akhoza kukhala ndi matenda obadwa nawo kapena ma chromosomal. Mazira angathenso kuyang'aniranso zachiwerewere. Kodi mazira ena ayenera kutayidwa (osapangidwe) chifukwa chakuti amawoneka kuti ali ndi vutoli kapena kuti ali ndi chikhalidwe china? Ngati mimba imaloledwa pazifukwa zilizonse pazigawo ziwiri zoyambirira za mimba, ayeneranso amai kutenga chisankho chochotsa mazira ena (chifukwa china chilichonse) ndipo osasamutsidwa
Pamene tikulowa mu zaka khumi, chisankho cha Roe, kupeza amayi ufulu wosankha pankhani ya matupi awo, angafunikirenso kufotokozedwa bwino. Kodi ndi liti lomwe lingakopedwe pankhani ya ufulu wamayi wosankha, kapena kodi palibe mzere woterewu umene ulipo? Mpikisano wochokera kwa Roe v. Wade ndi wozama kwambiri kuposa kuchotsa mimba . Nchifukwa chiyani chikhalidwe chathu chimagwirizana ndi lingaliro la "kusankha" monga kufanana ndi kuchotsa mimba?
Mwina, tonsefe tikuyenera kukumbukira kuti kusankha kwenikweni kumatanthauza ufulu kapena mphamvu yosankha - monga amayi, tikhoza kusankha kukwatira, kupeza ntchito, kugonana ndikukhala amayi. Mbali ya chisankho chimenecho mwina kuchepetsa kubereka, kupyolera mu kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoberekera mimba kapena kuchotsa mimba. Moyo uli wodzaza ndi zisankho zoti upangidwe.
Kuyambira mu 1973, Roe v. Wade anasankha akazi oposa 45 miliyoni ku US omwe asankha kukhala ndi chitetezo choyenera, chochotsa mimba. Zaka zoposa makumi atatu pambuyo pake, chisankho chodabwitsa ichi chidzakhalabe chimodzi mwazinthu zotsutsana kwambiri nthawi zonse. Kodi sikungakhale kwanzeru kuganiza kuti zokambirana zonse zotsutsana / zokhudzana ndi moyo zingakhale mitu iwiri ya ndalama imodzi? Kwa iwo omwe akufuna kupanga kukangana uku kokha kumachotsa mimba, kulera, komanso kutenga mimba yosakonzekera , mosasamala kanthu za chikhulupiliro cha makhalidwe abwino, kuchotsa mimba, sikungakhale kunyalanyaza kunyalanyaza zenizenizo. Pali mimba 3 miliyoni zosakonzekera ku US chaka chilichonse.
Kafukufuku wolemekezeka nthawi zonse amasonyeza kuti kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito za kulera kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa mimba. Ndipotu, malinga ndi American College of Obstetricians ndi Gynecologists, theka la amayi onse omwe akufunafuna mimba yoyamba sanali kugwiritsa ntchito njira iliyonse yoberekera pamene anatenga pakati. Ngakhale kuti chiwerengero cha kuchotsa mimba ndichochepa, achinyamata oyembekezera kutenga mimba ali mmwamba.
Tili ndi magulu otsogolera komanso opitilira moyo omwe amalimbikitsa malo awo, akutsutsa ndikugwirizanitsa chithandizo tsiku ndi tsiku. Kodi ndizovuta kusiya maudindo ndikudziwitse kuti tonse timagwirizana pa cholinga chimodzi - kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha mimba. Sitiyenera kukana kuti kubala ndi kuchotsa mimba zonsezi zikuyimira njira zina zopezera cholinga chomwecho: kupewa ana osafuna . Mmalo mokangana za chiwerewere chochotsa mimba, kuyesayesa kumachitidwa polimbikitsa njira zothetsera mimba yosakonzekera.
Pali mawu omwe akuti "Kuletsa Mimba? Musakhale ndi Mmodzi." Zikuwoneka kuti, pamene zifika pansi, onse a Roe v. Wade achita aperekedwa amayi omwe ali ndi kusankha. Zomwe ife tonse timachita ndi chisankho chimenecho ndi zapadera. Kufikira kufotokozedwa kwina kumatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi zomwe zili pokhapokha ufulu wa mkazi, chisankho cha Roe chili. Ndipo ngakhale, mu dziko langwiro, tonsefe tingagwirizane pamodzi kuti tikwaniritse zolinga zomwezo, Roe v. Wade adzapitiriza kuyambitsa mikangano komwe anthu adzagawanika ndikudziwika kufalitsa njira zawo m'njira iliyonse.