Mfundo Zochititsa Chidwi Zokhudza Shuga

Zidzakudabwitsa ndikudabwitsa inu

Trivia ikhoza kukhala yosangalatsa komanso yosangalatsa, makamaka pamene mukuphunzira za chinachake chomwe chili pafupi ndi nyumba. Kaya muli ndi matenda a shuga kapena mukudziwa wina amene amachitako, mungafunike kudziwa zambiri zokhudza matendawa. Kuwona momwe chitukuko chatsopano chinkasinthira chikhoza kukhala chilimbikitso. Kuwonjezera apo, kuphunzira zambiri zokhudza matenda a shuga kungakuthandizeni kuwonjezera kuzindikira kwanu ndikukulimbikitsani kuti mutenge ulamuliro.

Monga mawu akunena, kudziwa ndi mphamvu.

Mfundo Zochititsa Chidwi Zokhudza Shuga

1. Buku loyamba kwambiri lodziwika bwino lomwe linalembedwa ndi matenda a shuga linali mu 1500 BC mu papuku la ku Ebers la ku Egypt. Ilo limatanthawuza za zizindikiro za nthawi zambiri kukodza.

2. Zizindikiro za shuga monga ludzu, kulemera kwa thupi, ndi kuvuta kochulukirapo zinazindikiritsidwa zaka zoposa 1200 chisanadze dzinali.

3. Dokotala Wachigiriki Aretaeus (30-90 CE) adatchedwa kuti akubwera ndi dzina la "shuga". Iye analemba matendawa ndi zizindikiro monga ludzu nthawi zonse (polydipsia), kukodza kwambiri (polyuria) ndi kulemera kwa thupi. Anatchula kuti "matenda a shuga," kutanthauza "kuyendayenda."

4. Dr. Thomas Willis (1621-1675) wotchedwa shuga ndi "zoipa zopweteka" ndipo anafotokoza mkodzo wa anthu omwe ali ndi shuga ya mtundu wa 2 monga "wokoma kwambiri, ngati wokhala ndi uchi kapena shuga." Analinso woyamba kufotokoza zopweteka komanso kupweteka kwa mitsempha ya matenda a shuga chifukwa cha matenda a shuga.

1. Kale, madokotala amayesa matenda a shuga mwa kulawa mkodzo kuti awone ngati zinali zokoma. Anthu omwe adalawa mkodzo kuti ayang'ane matenda a shuga amatchedwa "madzi oyamwa". Zina zowononga zowonjezera zinali kuphatikiza kuti awone ngati mkodzo umakopa nyerere kapena ntchentche.

2. Kumapeto kwa m'ma 1850, dokotala wina wa ku France dzina lake Priorry analangiza odwala matenda a shuga kuti adye shuga wambiri. Mwachiwonekere, njira yothetsera imeneyi sinathe, monga shuga imapanga shuga la magazi.

1. Kubwerera mu tsiku, panalibe mamita a shuga m'magazi. Mmalo mwake, iwo anayesa shuga wa magazi pogwiritsa ntchito mkodzo. Mu 1941, Ames Diagnostics amagwiritsira ntchito mapiritsi oyesa shuga a Clinitest® owopsa kuti ayese mkodzo. Izi zikutanthawuza kusakaniza mkodzo ndi madzi mu chubu choyesera ndikuwonjezera mapiritsi a buluu omwe adayambitsa mankhwala omwe angayambe kuvulaza thupi chifukwa cha kutentha kwakukulu. Mtundu wa madziwo ungasonyeze ngati pali shuga mu mkodzo.

2. Mu 1969-1970, yoyamba yamagazi ya m'magazi yamagazi inalengedwa ndi Ames Diagnostics. Ankatchedwa Ames Reflectance Meter (ARM). Ames kenako anakhala gawo la Bayer. Chipangizocho chinkawoneka mofanana ndi zipangizo zamagetsi zomwe zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito muzoyambirira za Star Trek. Amawononga madola 650 ndipo anali madokotala okha omwe angagwiritse ntchito pazochitika zawo kapena kuchipatala. Magazi a m'magazi amadzimadzi amamera kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi odwala sanagulitsidwe ku US mpaka m'ma 1980.

3. Dr. Richard Bernstein, wolemba buku lotchuka lotchedwa Dr. Bernstein's Diabetes Solution , anali munthu woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mamita wodalirika kuti ayang'anire miyeso yake ya shuga panyumba. Iye anali injiniya panthawiyo ndipo akudwala chifukwa cha mtundu wa shuga 1. Anapeza mamita a ARM omwe amatanthauza madokotala okha. Popeza iye sanali dokotala panthawiyo, adayankhula mkazi wake (yemwe anali katswiri wa zamaganizo) kuti apeze chipangizo chake. Chikhalidwe chake cha shuga chikukula bwino. Kenaka adayesetsa kuti apange mamita a m'magazi a shuga m'magazi kuti agwiritse ntchito pakhomo. Iye sankakhoza kulandira makope azachipatala kuti azifalitsa maphunziro ake, kotero ali ndi zaka 43 anapita ku sukulu ya zachipatala ndipo anakhala wodzitemera.

1. Dr. Elliott P. Joslin, yemwe anayambitsa Joslin Diabetes Centre, anali dokotala woyamba wodziwa matenda a shuga ndi kulimbikitsa kudziyang'anira. Anayamba chidwi ndi atakhali ake atawapeza ndipo anauzidwa kuti palibe mankhwala ndipo alibe chiyembekezo. Anamwalira ndi matenda a shuga pasanapite nthawi yaitali. Mayi ake anapeza kuti anayamba chaka chake mu 1898 (zaka zingapo pambuyo pa imfa ya aang'ono ake). Anamuthandiza kuthetsa matenda a shuga ndipo anakhala ndi zaka 10 zomwe zinali zovuta kwambiri pa nthawiyi.

2. Dr. Elliot P. Joslin anati matenda a shuga ndi "matenda abwino kwambiri" chifukwa cha "kukhala oyera, kawirikawiri osamvetsetsa, osapatsirana, omwe nthawi zambiri samapweteka ndipo amayamba kumwa mankhwala."

1. Mu 1916, Dr. Frederick M. Allen anayamba pulogalamu yachipatala yomwe inalepheretsa odwala matenda a shuga kuti azikhala whiskey wothira khofi wakuda (msuzi wosavuta kwa osamwa). Odwala anapatsidwa izi kusakaniza maola awiri onse mpaka shuga sungatheke mkodzo (kawirikawiri mkati mwa masiku asanu). Kenako anapatsidwa zakudya zochepa kwambiri. Pulogalamuyi inali ndi zotsatira zabwino zothandizira pa nthawi yake. Ntchito ya Allen inakopeka ndi Dr. Elliot P. Joslin amene anagwiritsa ntchito monga maziko a kudya zakudya zopatsa khalori komanso mankhwala.

2. Dr Priscilla White anapanga chithandizo cha matenda a shuga pa mimba. Anayamba nawo ntchito ya Dr. Elliott P. Joslin mu 1924 pamene mwanayo anali 54%. Panthawi imene anapuma pantchito mu 1974, chiwerengero cha mwanayo chinali 90%.

3. Asanafike 1921, chithandizo cha mtundu wa shuga wa mtundu wa 2 chinali njala kapena njala.

4. Mu 1922, ziphuphu zinapezeka kuti zimakhala ndi matenda a shuga. Ochita kafukufuku akuphunzira kusungunula, kuchotsa kapangidwe ka agalu akapolo m'banja. Wothandizira anaona kuti nyerere zambiri zimakopeka ndi mkodzo wa galu. Mtsuko unayesedwa ndipo unapezeka kuti uli ndi shuga yapamwamba kwambiri.

5. Mtundu woyamba ndi mtundu wa shuga 2 unasiyanitsidwa mwalamulo mu 1936. Komabe, kusiyana kwake kunadziwika m'zaka za m'ma 1700 pamene dokotala adanena kuti anthu ena akudwala matenda aakulu kuposa ena omwe anafa pasanathe milungu isanu isanafike.

6. Malinga ndi bungwe la World Health Organization, chiŵerengero chachikulu cha anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga anali ku South East Asia ndi Kumadzulo kwa Pacific Pacific, omwe amawerengetsa pafupifupi theka la shuga padziko lapansi.

7. Malingana ndi bungwe la World Health Organization, anthu pafupifupi 422 miliyoni akudwala matenda a shuga padziko lonse (deta kuyambira 2014), pafupifupi kaŵirikaŵiri kuchuluka kwa chiwerengerochi kuyambira 1980.

8. Mu 1942, mankhwala oyamba a mtundu wa 2 wa shuga adadziwika, sulfonylurea (mankhwala omwe amachititsa kuti ziphuphu zibweretse insulini).

9. Mu 1963 chiwonetsero choyamba cha insulini 'pompu' yomwe inapereka glucagon komanso insulini inali yofanana ndi chikwama ndipo chinapangidwa ndi Dr Arnold Kadish.

10. Lero pali magulu oposa 7 a mankhwala opatsirana omwe amathandiza kuti athetse matenda a shuga a mtundu wa 2.

11. Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga a mtundu wa 2 angagwiritsenso ntchito mankhwala osakaniza insulini, agonists a GLP-1 kuti asamalidwe ndi kusamalira mtundu wa shuga wa mtundu wa 2.

12. Mu 2016, Federal Drug Administration inavomereza njira yoyamba yotsekera insulin yobweretsa dongosolo lotchedwa Minimed 670G dongosolo.

13. Mu 2017, mita yoyamba yamagazi popanda ndodo yachitsulo inagulitsa msika wa US. The Freestyle Libre System imagwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano kupereka nthawi yeniyeni ya glucose kuwerengedwa maminiti iliyonse pogwiritsa ntchito chithunzithunzi choyambirira (simukuyenera kuchiyika ndi ndodo, izi zimachitika mu fakitale).

14. Mu 2018, a FDA adavomereza kugwiritsa ntchito Agonist yatsopano ya GLP-1 , Ozempic ya Novo Nordisk (semaglutide), monga momwe amachitira zakudya ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi kuti athe kuchiza matenda a shuga a mtundu wa anthu akuluakulu. Semaglutide ndi GLP-1 agonist yachisanu ndi chiwiri kuti ivomerezedwe ku United States komanso yachinayi yomwe imayika kamodzi pamlungu kuti ikavomerezedwe.

Zida:

1. Bungwe Ladziko Lonse la Umoyo. Global Report pa Matenda a Shuga.

2. Diabetes.co.uk. Mbiri ya shuga.