Charles Darwin anali katswiri wa sayansi wa ku Britain wa m'zaka za zana la 19 amene poyamba adanena kuti mitundu yonse ya zamoyo zinasintha kuchokera kwa ena. Pogwira ntchito yake, adafotokoza maganizo omwe amadziwika kuti Theory of Evolution, omwe amathandizidwa ndi chisankho cha chilengedwe. Darwin anayamba kufalitsa mfundo zimenezi mu buku lotchedwa On The Origin of Species mu 1859.
Zoonadi, chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko chimanena kuti zamoyo zonse zasintha kuchokera ku zamoyo zina. Zamoyo zonse zimayambitsa mizu yawo ku mitundu ina yomwe idapita patsogolo pawo. Mitundu imasintha nthawi zonse, nthawi zina imagawanika kuti ikhale mitundu yatsopano.
Kodi Kusankha Kwachilengedwe N'kutani?
Kusankha zachilengedwe kumalongosola momwe mitundu imasinthira ku malo awo, kuwapangitsa kukhala okhoza kupulumuka - ndi kusintha - monga chilengedwe chikusintha. Njira yokonzekera zachibadwa imayamba ndi anthu omwe ali ndi majeremusi omwe amabala makhalidwe omwe amawapatsa mwayi wopulumuka. Kupulumuka kumeneku kukutanthauza kuti nthawi zambiri mumakhala moyo wokwanira kubereka ndikupindulitsa ana anu. Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu ochulukirapo amakhala ndi ubwino ngati omwe alibe iwo amwalira asanabwezere.
Chitsanzo cha kusintha kumeneku kukanakhala momwe anthu adasinthira kuti akhale wamtali kapena kuyenda molunjika.
Chitsanzo china ndi chakuti nyama zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi nyama zikuluzikulu zakhala zikusintha kuti zifulumire mofulumira kuposa ziweto zawo.
Kuponderezedwa kwa chilengedwe kungakhale chilala chomwe chimakonda zomera ndi zinyama zomwe zingathe kukhala ndi madzi osachepera kapena omwe angathe kusamukira kumalo omwe ali ndi madzi ambiri. Chilala sichimayambitsa makhalidwe ndi zomera, komabe zimatha kupha anthu omwe alibe makhalidwe.
Makhalidwe okha omwe ali ndi zilembo zamakono angaperekedwe kwa mibadwo yotsatira kuti athandize kupulumuka kwawo.
Kupulumuka kwa Fittest
"Kupulumuka kwabwino kwambiri" ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pofotokoza kusankhidwa kwa chilengedwe. Anthu ena amalimbikitsa Darwin ndi mawu. Komabe, ngakhale kuti Darwin adagwiritsa ntchito mawu amenewa pamapeto pake, munthu amene adagwiritsa ntchito mawuwa poyamba anali mnzake wa Darwin, katswiri wafilosofi wa ku Britain dzina lake Herbert Spencer.
Zitsanzo Zamankhwala Zosankha Zachilengedwe ndi Kusinthika Kwambiri pa Ntchito
Malingaliro a Darwin akhala akuyesa nthawi, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito lerolino monga maziko a zifukwa zambiri za thanzi ndi zachipatala:
- Mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi omwe amachititsa kuti anthu adwale ndi kufa adasinthika kuti agwirizane ndi makamu awo. Zitsanzo ndi matenda a nosocomial monga MRSA ndi Clostridium difficile kapena matenda ndi mliri monga H1N1 chimfine cha nkhumba.
- Mabakiteriya otetezedwa ndi antibayotiki amapita kuzipatala ndi kusamalira malo osowa ana omwe antibiotics akugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mankhwala opha majeremusi akhoza kupha mabakiteriya ambiri, koma nambala yaing'ono imatha kupulumuka (kupulumuka kwambiri) ndipo izi zimabala. Kusankha zachilengedwe kumagwira ntchito. Mabakiteriya osagonjetseka angathe tsopano kukula, m'malo mwa mabakiteriya omwe anaphedwa ndi maantibayotiki. Zotsatira zake, nthawi zonse zimakhala zofuna zatsopano za ma antibayotiki zomwe mabakiteriya sanayambe kukana.
- Mankhwala ovomerezeka ndi Human Genome Project onsewa amagawidwa pazinthu za Darwin. Chibadwa cha anthu chimasinthidwa ndi zikhalidwe zomwe anthu adzipangira pa mibadwo yambiri.