Kodi Odwala Amapeza Ndalama Zawo?
Ngati muli ndi ululu wammbuyo , muli ambiri. Zikuyesa zosiyana, koma pafupifupi 60% mpaka 80% a ife tidzakhala ndi zowawa zowawa panthawi ina m'miyoyo yathu. Mu 2007 yokha, anthu akuluakulu pafupifupi 27 miliyoni a US a zaka 18 kapena kuposerapo (11% mwa anthu onse akuluakulu) adamva kuti ali ndi ululu wopweteka, malinga ndi bungwe la Healthcare Research and Quality. Pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya anthuwa - 19.1 miliyoni - adzifunsidwa ndi dokotala , bungwe linati.
Akuti amayi ambiri (10.9 miliyoni) adalandira chithandizo chamankhwala chifukwa cha ululu wawo wammbuyo kusiyana ndi amuna (8.2 miliyoni).
Mavuto a kupweteka kwa m'mbuyo angapangidwe ndi ululu wosavuta kumva komanso wopweteka kwambiri chifukwa cha kuvulala kwa moyo ndi kotha kupha msana. Nkhani yabwino ndi yakuti nthawi zambiri, kupweteka kumbuyo kumapindula (mwina pang'onopang'ono kapena kwathunthu) kutchulidwa ndi zolimbitsa thupi , chithandizo chodziletsa, ndi njira zina zothandizira .
Zowopsa
Kupweteka kwa ululu kumachitika pafupifupi nthawi iliyonse panthawi ya moyo. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti ana ali pangozi, ogwira ntchito ali pangozi, ndipo anthu ogwira ntchito pakati pa zaka 35 ndi 55 ali pangozi. Anthu okalamba ndi okalamba ali ndi chiopsezo chokwanira cha kugwa, zomwe zingachititse kuti mitsempha ya khosi iwonongeke . Kafukufuku akuwonetsanso kuti mazira amtunduwu akhoza kuthandizira kutaya , zomwe zimapweteka.
Ngakhale kuti palibe mbiri yeniyeni ya munthu yemwe ali ndi vuto lakumbuyo, kafukufuku wa 2008 analemba mu Journal of the American Medical Association akufotokoza zapamwamba za msinkhu pakati pa akazi oyera ndi inshuwalansi ya boma.
Anthu omwe ali m'gulu lino adasonyezanso chizoloŵezi chachikulu chokhala ndi nthawi yochepa ya umphawi, kukhala achikulire, ndi kukwatirana kapena kukhala pachibwenzi.
Zowonjezera
Kupweteka kwakumbuyo ndi chimodzi mwa mavuto aakulu kwambiri a thanzi, ngakhale kuti magwero amasiyana ndi momwe amachitira poyerekeza ndi zina zomwe zimachitika monga matenda a mtima, kupweteka, khansa, shuga, ndi nyamakazi.
Malinga ndi AHRQ, mu 2007 ndalama zokwana madola 30.3 biliyoni zidalipidwa kwa ogulitsa, monga madokotala, othandizira thupi , ndi ena, komanso madokotala. Magazini ya American Medical Association inanena kuti ndalama zothandizira msana zinakwana $ 85.9 biliyoni mu 2005.
Koma chithandizo cha msana ndi gawo la makampani othandizira odwala $ 2.2 trillion. Ngakhale kuti ndalama zinali zazikulu (zovuta kwambiri, malingaliro anga), malipoti a AHRQ omwe amaimira ndalama zokwana 3 peresenti ya ndalama zonse zomwe amadwala ku US mu 2007. Magazini ya Journal of The American Medical Association inati kupweteka kwa msana (yekha) kunapanga 2% adokotala onse anabwera ku 2005.
Mtengo Wopereka kwa Odwala Onse
Kafukufuku wa 2008 wolembedwa ndi Journal of the American Medical Association amene tatchula pamwambapa anafunsa anthu pafupifupi 23,000 okhala ndi mavuto osokoneza ubongo chifukwa cha ndalama zomwe analipira. Ofufuzawa anapeza kuti mwazidzidzi, anthu omwe anali ndi vuto la kumbuyo kapena kumutu ankakhala pafupifupi madola 6,090 mu 2005, pamene msana wawo unali woposa $ 3,056 chaka chomwecho. AHRQ imafotokoza kuti payekha pa 2007, ndalama zothandizira msana zinkakhala pafupifupi $ 1500- $ 1600 pa munthu aliyense.
Nthawi zambiri, AHRQ imati, ndalama zothandizira maofesi ndi madokotala pamodzi zimaperekedwa ndi inshuwalansi yapadera (45.2%).
Koma Medicare inakakamiza 23% ndipo inu, ogula malonda, mudalipira ndalama zokwana 16.8% za ndalama zanu zothandizira pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zomwe simukuzigwiritsa ntchito.
Komanso, anthu a ku America adagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zokwana madola 7 biliyoni kuchokera m'mabotolo awo pa njira zothandizira odwala pakamwa m'chaka cha 2007. Dziwani izi: Nambalayi inafika powerengera peresenti ya ndalama zonse (madola 33.9 biliyoni) yomwe inagwiritsidwa ntchito pa CAM kwa ululu wammbuyo (17.1%) ndi kupweteka kwa mutu (5.9%), pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zoperekedwa ndi a National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine website (NCCAM).
Mphamvu ya Chithandizo
Mwina chovutitsa kwambiri kuposa mtengo wapamwamba wa chisamaliro ndi chakuti ndalama zothandizira zakhala zikuwonjezeka kwa zaka zambiri popanda kusintha komwe kumakhala kwa moyo kwa ogulitsa thanzi.
Malingana ndi AHRQ, ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira kupweteka kwapweteka zakhala zikuwonjezereka kawiri kuchokera mu 2004, ndipo kafukufuku wa Journal of the American Medical Association adapeza kuti ndalama zonse zothandizira khosi ndi kumbuyo zinawonjezeka ndi 65% pakati pa 1997 ndi 2005.
Ngakhale kuti kusamalidwa kwa ndalama kumbuyo kunawonjezeka mofulumira kusiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama za chithandizo chaumoyo panthawi yomweyi (ndi kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa chiwerengero cha anthu ofuna chithandizo cha kupweteka kwa msana wawo), kafukufukuyu sanapeze kusintha kwa thanzi labwino " omvera. (Ofufuzawo anafunsa omwe afunsidwa kuti awonetsere kuti ali ndi thanzi labwino, ndipo akufunsa mafunso okhudza ubwana, ntchito, kuchepetsa ntchito ndi maudindo awo.)
Nanga ndalama zowonjezera zinapita kuti? Mankhwala akudutsa mndandandanda, wotsatiridwa ndi maofesi. Akatswiriwa amati "kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kungakhale kochititsa chidwi kwambiri." Mankhwala atsopanowa ndi monga gabapentin, fentanyl , ndi oxycodone. Ofufuzawo adanenanso kuti pambuyo pa chaka cha 2003, pamene COX-2 inhibitors inachotsedwa pamsika, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opweteka kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo chifukwa cha kupweteka kwa msana.
Zotsatira:
Martin, B., Deyo, RA, et. al. Ndalama Zopereka Zowonjezera ndi Mtundu wa Umoyo Pakati pa Akuluakulu Amene Ali ndi Matenda Obwerera ndi Amsana. JAMA. 2008; 299 (6): 656-664.
Pulogalamu ya National Complementary Alternative Medicine. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala Okwanira Omwe Amawonjezera ku United States: Deta Data.
Soni, A. PhD. Mavuto Otsatira: Kugwiritsa Ntchito ndi Zowonongeka kwa Anthu Ambiri Achikulire ku US , 2007. Mphindi Yachidule # 289. Kafukufuku wa Zamalonda a Zamankhwala. Bungwe la Health Research Research ndi Quality.