Phunzirani za Malamulo monga Mand, Reinforcer, ndi Echo
ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis) ndi, mwayeso iliyonse, yotchuka kwambiri komanso yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi autism mankhwala. ABA ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa makhalidwe abwino kapena luso, ndipo nthawi zambiri imaperekedwa kwa ana autistic kupyolera muzinthu zopanda ndalama komanso mapulogalamu.
Kodi ABA Amagwira Ntchito Bwanji?
ABA imamangidwa motsatira khalidwe lachikhalidwe. Chikhalidwe chimaganizira kuti ziweto ndi anthu amaphunzira kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino chifukwa akuyankha zowonjezera mphoto kapena zotsatira.
Pa msinkhu wosavuta, agalu amachita zinthu mwanzeru chifukwa akuyembekeza kuti azisamalira, ndipo amapewa kukoka pamsana chifukwa samakonda kumverera kwa kolala. Pazifukwa zovuta kwambiri, antchito amagwira ntchito mwakhama pamene akuyembekezera bonasi pa ntchito yawo yowonjezera, ndipo amapewa kuba kwa abwana awo chifukwa sakonda lingaliro la kupita kundende.
ABA ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha khalidwe kuti aphunzitse anthu autism momwe angayankhire moyenerera, kupempha, ndi kuchita monga momwe angathere. Kwa zaka zambiri, ochita kafukufuku a ABA apeza kuti zotsatira za kusamvera malamulo sizingowonongeka, koma sizinso zofunikira. Choncho, nthawi zambiri, ABA odwala samagwiritsa ntchito zotsatira kapena chilango; m'malo mwake, ngati mwana sakulephera kutsatira, iye sadzalandire mphotho.
Njira yofunika kwambiri ya ABA mankhwala kwenikweni ndi yophweka:
- Mukuyamba pozindikira, kupyolera mu zokambirana kapena kuyesera, ndi mphoto iti yomwe imakondweretsa kwambiri mwanayo. Ngakhale ana ena atayankha bwino ndikumwetulira ndi kutamanda, ena amatha kuchitapo kanthu ngati chakudya chomwe amawakonda kapena mwayi wochita zomwe amasangalala nazo.
- Kenaka, mumamufunsa mwanayo kuti achite zoyenera. Khalidwe limenelo lingakhale losavuta monga "kunyamula supuni", "kubwereza mawu awa", "kutchula chinthu ichi," kapena zovuta monga "kukhala ndi kukambirana koyenera ndi wophunzira naye."
- Ngati mwanayo atayankha, adzalandira mphotho. Ngati ayi, palibe mphoto. Nthawi zina, pempholi limabwerezedwa mpaka mwanayo atavomereza.
Ndikofunika kudziŵa kuti mawonekedwe osavuta a ABA omwe tatchulidwa pamwambapa, otchedwa "mayesero a discrete," sikutanthauza mtundu wokha wokha wa ABA. Ndipotu pali mitundu yatsopano yatsopano ya ABA yomwe ili ndi mayina monga "yankho lapadera" ndi "chilengedwe chophunzitsidwa bwino" chomwe sichinachite bwino. Njira zonse za ABA, komabe, zimakhazikitsidwa mu khalidwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphotho polimbikitsa makhalidwe abwino.
Kodi Malamulo Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito Bwanji Ndi ABA Olemba Matenda Kuti Afotokoze Thandizo?
ABA palokha si zovuta zovuta. Koma monga muzinthu zambiri zamakono, openda opaleshoni amagwiritsa ntchito mawu apadera (jargon) pofotokoza zomwe akuchita. Nazi zina mwazimene mungamve kuchokera kwa ABA mwana wanu:
- Zopereka kapena mphotho zoperekedwa kwa ntchito yabwino bwino zimatchedwa reinforcer .
- Pempho la khalidwe lofunidwa limatchedwa mand .
- Chotsatira kapena mawu omwe amatsanzira (wothandizira akuti "tizani supuni" ndipo mwanayo akuti "supuni") amatchedwa chidziwitso .
- Mawu amodzi (wothandizira akuti "ichi ndi chiani?" Ndipo mwanayo amayankha "supuni") amatchedwa nzeru .
- Yankho lolondola la kukambirana (wothandizira akuti "mukufuna chiyani?" Ndipo mwanayo amayankha "cookie") amatchedwa intraverbal .
Zimasiyanasiyana Bwanji Ndizochokera Kuleredwa Kwachibadwa Kapena Kuphunzitsa?
Kotero ndi kusiyana kotani pakati pa mandimu ndi pempho, kapena kulimbikitsa ndi mphoto? Mwachitsanzo, ngati mukunena kuti "Janey, ngati mukunena supuni ndikupatsani cokokie," kodi mukuchita chimodzimodzi monga momwe ABA angapangire?
Kusiyana, malinga ndi Amanda Reed, BAppSc, MA, ndi ochepa kwambiri. "Cholinga chachikulu ndi pempho, koma zonse zokhudzana ndi zomwe zimaperekedwa zisanachitike komanso zitatha.
Mwachitsanzo, wothandizira, podziwa kuti mwana amakonda makonde a Oreo, akhoza kugwira Oreo m'manja mwake ndi kuwonetsa kwa kasitomala.
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> Zotsatira:
> Hagopian, Louis et al. Kusanthula kachitidwe kachitidwe. Kennedy Krieger. Webusaiti. 2017.
> Kuyankhulana ndi Amanda Reed, BAppSc, MA, Mtsogoleri wa Pulogalamu ya Pyramid Group Management Services Corporation. September, 2010.
> Slocum, Timothy A. et al. Mchitidwe wozikidwa pazowona wa kagwiritsidwe ntchito kachitidwe. " The Behavior Analyst 37.1 (2014): 41-56. PMC . Webusaiti. 24 Aug. 2017.