Phunzirani za ABA ndi chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Autism
Kunena zoona palibe "mankhwala a autism." Anthu ambiri amafotokoza kuti Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) ndi "autism therapy," makamaka chifukwa ndi njira yowonjezereka yoperekedwa ndi kulipiritsidwa ndi mapulogalamu oyambirira komanso sukulu.
Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti ABA, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa zaka zambiri zapitazo, ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala operekedwa kwa ana okhala ndi autism.
Komabe, ndi "mayi" wa njira zonsezi, komanso otchuka kwambiri (makamaka chifukwa chakuti ndalama zambiri zimaperekedwa!).
Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe ABA amaperekedwera kwa ana pa autism spectrum:
- ABA wakhala akukhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali, chifukwa ndiyambiri ya "khalidwe" lakale lopangidwa ndi BF Skinner kumbuyo kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Zotsatira zake, zimakhazikika komanso zomveka bwino (ngakhale ABA, pafupifupi nthawi zonse, njira yabwino kwambiri komanso yocheperapo kusiyana ndi khalidwe lokalamba).
- Zotsatira za ABA zakhala zikuphunzira mwakhama kwa zaka zambiri. ABA imayendetsa kuphunzira chifukwa ndi mankhwala omwe amayamba ndi zolinga zomveka, zoyenerera ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana kwambiri ndi wodwala aliyense.
- Chifukwa chakuti akugwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ndi aphunzitsi onse, ndi kosavuta kuphunzitsa anthu kuti agwiritse ntchito ABA. Kawirikawiri, mapulogalamu a ABA amapangidwa ndi akatswiri ophunzitsidwa, koma kenaka amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi olemba.
- Chifukwa ABA ili ndi zolinga zenizeni, n'zosavuta kuwona ndikuyesa kupambana. Izi zimapangitsa ABA kukhala wachibale wothandizidwa ndi golide, mwachitsanzo, ku chitukuko cha chitukuko chomwe chimadziwika pazovuta za mwana aliyense, mphamvu zake, ndi zofuna zake. Funso labwino ngati silikuyenda bwino, chifukwa ndilovuta kwambiri kuyerekeza kuyandikira mutu ndi mutu.
- Ana omwe ali ndi autism nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi makhalidwe ovuta, monga kudzizunza komanso kuzunza. Mankhwala a ABA nthawi zambiri amathandiza kuchepetsa makhalidwe oipa komanso kulimbikitsa makhalidwe omwe akufuna.
Kodi Chidziwitso cha Khalidwe ndi Khalidwe Labwino N'chiyani?
Kusanthula khalidwe kumachokera ku lingaliro lakuti khalidwe, ngakhale pamene liri lovuta kapena losokoneza, lingamvetsetse ngati zotsatira za kusamala mosamala, kusunga malemba, ndi kusanthula. Makhalidwe amodzi akamamveka, amatha kusinthidwa malinga ndi zosowa ndi zikhumbo za munthu amene khalidwe lake limakhudzidwa.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kanthu kafukufuku (ABA) ndi njira imodzi yothandizira autism yapindula ndi lingaliro la khalidwe.
Ophunzira a ABA amafufuza ana ndi autism ndikuyamikira ndi / kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolimbikitsira makhalidwe ena kapena "kuzimitsa" makhalidwe ena. M'mbuyomu, zophatikizapo zikhoza kuphatikizapo zotsatira zoipa (chilango), koma lero, pafupifupi akatswiri onse amavomereza kuti chilango sikuti ndi cholakwika komanso kuti, makamaka, palibe.
The Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB), bungwe lokhazikitsidwa ku Florida, limapereka maumboni pamabweredwe a khalidwe kwa anthu omwe ali ndi digiri ya bachelors ndi masters.
Kuphatikiza apo, mayunivesite ena amapereka ndondomeko ya digiri mu kayendetsedwe ka makhalidwe. Komabe, mbali zambiri, akatswiri amakhalidwe ndi anthu ochokera m'madera ena - maphunziro, psychology, ntchito zapantchito, etc. - omwe atenga maphunziro ndi kusonkhanitsa zochitika pakuwona, kufufuza ndi kusamalira makhalidwe ovuta.
Kodi Munthu Amene Ali ndi Autism Ayenera Kuwona ABA Wothandizira?
ABA odwala amayesetsa kukhazikitsa makhalidwe abwino ndikuletsa makhalidwe osayenera. Ana omwe ali ndi autism nthawi zonse amavutika kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino (kuyang'ana maso, kugwirizana ndi ena, kugwiritsa ntchito mawu molondola, ndi zina zotero).
Iwo amakhalanso ndi makhalidwe ena oipa omwe amatha kuchoka kapena kutsekemera kuti adzichitire nkhanza kuti amenya, kukwapula, kapena kuthamangira mumsewu. Anthu ogwira mtima angathe kupeza njira zopanda pake zomwe angapewe kuchita zomwe sakufuna kuchita: akhoza kunyengerera, kugwiritsira pansi pa tebulo, kapena kupewa njira zosasankhika.
Kodi Katswiri Wamakhalidwe Amachita Chiyani ndi Anthu Omwe Amakhala ndi Autism?
Udindo wa chidziwitso cha khalidwe ndikuteteza chilengedwe cha mwana, kusonkhanitsa deta za luso la mwana, zovuta, zofuna zake ndi zosowa zake, ndikuwonetseratu ndikupanga kusintha komweko. Zowonjezera zingakhale zochokera ku 1: 1 mankhwala kuchipatala cha makhalidwe ndi zikhomo ndi mphoto zolimbikitsa kuti zisinthe mu chilengedwe chomwe chimapangitsa kuti munthu asamangokhalira kumangokhalira kukhumudwa kapena kusokonezeka kwambiri. Patapita nthawi (nthawi zambiri nthawi yambiri!) ABA ikhoza kuphunzitsa maluso ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana - kuchokera ku dzino kutsitsa kusewera masewera.
Kodi Ndingapeze Bwanji Wophunzira Wophunzira Wokwanira?
Njira imodzi yopezera anthu odziwika ndi kuphunzitsidwa mu kusanthula khalidwe ndi kudutsa mu bukhu la BACB, lomwe limalola anthu onse kufufuza olembetsa malo. Kawirikawiri, ngati khalidwe lovuta limapezeka pa sukulu, dera la sukulu lidzabweretsa katswiri wa khalidwe kapena wodwala omwe akuwona kuti ndi woyenera. Makolo angathe kufunsa kusankha katswiri - koma zingakhale zovuta kusintha.
Mofananamo, mapulojekiti oyambirira omwe amathandizira ana omwe ali ndi zaka zosachepera zitatu angathe kugwiritsa ntchito akatswiri a khalidwe lawo kapena akatswiri a khalidwe. Makolo angathe kukhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi mlangiziyo kuti abwere ndi kusamalira zovuta zokhudzana ndi moyo wa banja.
Alangizi othandizira khalidwe angapezekanso kudzera muzipatala zam'deralo, magalimoto a autism kapena masunivesite. Fufuzani maphunziro apamwamba a ku yunivesite m'madera monga maphunziro apadera, ntchito zapagulu, ndi madera ena.