Chithunzi ichi.
Mukuyenda kuchokera ku khitchini ndikupita kuchipinda, mwinamwake mukudutsa m'chipinda. Mawindo amatseguka ndipo pali mphepo yofewa yomwe imasokoneza chikhazikitso cha malowo. Zisalu, chandelier, masamba a zomera zanu zamkati komanso mwinamwake tsitsi lanu lonse likuyenda limodzi. Mwadzidzidzi, pamene mukufuna kulowa mu msewu, mthunzi umalowa pamphuno la diso lanu ndipo mumatembenuka.
Mphepo yakhazikika; zonse zimakhala zosasunthika bwino. Koma kumbali ina ya chipinda, komwe kunalibe kanthu koma mphepo kamphindi kapitawo, msungwana wobiriwira akusewera ndi buluni. Masomphenyawa ndi osayembekezereka koma komabe simukudabwa. Momwemo amamwetulira asanayambe ntchito yake yosangalatsa. Mukumwetulira ndikupitilira kuyenda kuchipinda chanu. Agalu atatu, mphaka, ndi awiri akukupangitsani inu musanafike kumene mukupita. Mphindi yapitayo, munalibe ziweto.
Ngati muli ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri ndipo mutapezeka ndi mtundu wa dementia wotchedwa Lewy thupi , izi zikhoza kukuchitikirani. Chikumbumtima ndikumverera kwa chisokonezo pamene kulibe chokhumudwitsa. Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi liziyenda bwino likhoza kukhala lowonetsa, lodziwika bwino, lomveka bwino komanso nthawi zina lokhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, kukonza tactile ndi pamene mumamva chinachake chikukwawa pa khungu lanu koma palibe chomwe chilipo.
Izi siziyenera kusokonezedwa ndi chinyengo, chomwe chiri cholakwika kapena kusamvetsetseka kwa lingaliro lenileni: ngati inu munaganiza kuti chomera mu chipinda chanu chodyera chinali mtsikana mu sweti lobiriwira, mwachitsanzo. Chikumbumtima nthawi zambiri chimakhala chowoneka bwino ndipo chimakhala chenicheni, pafupifupi ngati loto limene likuchitika mukakhala maso.
Ngakhale kuti zokopa zina zingakhale zokondweretsa, zina zimakhala zoopsa komanso zosokoneza.
Hallucinations ingakhoze kuchitika mu malo akuluakulu atatu:
- Matenda a diso
- Matenda a ubongo
- Zotsatira zoipa za mankhwala
Matenda a Diso
Mu 1760, Charles Bonnet, katswiri wa zachilengedwe wa ku Switzerland ndi filosofi, anayamba kufotokozera nkhani yochititsa chidwi ya agogo ake aamuna 87 omwe anali ndi matenda aakulu. Bambo ake adakali ndi malingaliro ake, komabe adawona anthu, mbalame, nyama ndi nyumba pomwe anali osowa m'maso onse awiri! Anapatsa dzina lake ku matenda a Charles Bonnet Syndrome, omwe amasonyeza kuti pali zinthu zina zomwe zimawoneka bwino m'maso mwa anthu okalamba omwe ali ndi matenda osiyanasiyana a maso: mawonekedwe a retinal, macular degeneration , cataracts ndi kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha ya optic ndi njira. Njirayi siimveka bwino. Asayansi ena amanena kuti pali "kumasulidwa" kwa malo a ubongo omwe nthawi zambiri amasintha zithunzi. Zojambula zomwe zimatumizidwa kuchokera ku retina yathu kupita ku ubongo zimateteza ubongo wathu kuti usagwiritse ntchito fano lililonse kupatulapo lomwe liri patsogolo pa maso athu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mutasokonezeka ndi kuntchito kuntchito, mukanati muwone mawonekedwe a kompyuta yanu kutsogolo kwanu kusiyana ndi gombe lomwe mungayesere kuganiza.
Pamene diso likudwala, zokopa zamasoko siziripo ndipo ulamuliro uwu umatayika, motero "kumasulidwa" ubongo kuchoka ku kutsekeredwa koona.
Matenda a ubongo
Zizindikirozi ndi mawonetseredwe a matenda ambiri a ubongo (ndi malingaliro, ngati muli ndi Cartesian za izo), ngakhale kuti njira zawo sizidziwika bwino:
- Matenda a matenda a matenda, makamaka schizophrenia, ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ziphunzitso zambiri. Zokambirana za schizophrenia zimakhala zosiyana siyana, ngakhale kuti ziwonetsero zooneka bwino zingatheke.
- Deliriamu ndi gulu la zizindikiro zosonyeza kuti sangakwanitse kusamalira limodzi ndi kusintha kwa chidziwitso . Zitha kuchitika pa matenda osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo matenda anu othamanga. Kusuta mowa kungapangitsenso delirium pamodzi ndi kuyenda kosadziwika (delirium tremens). Pafupifupi theka la anthu omwe ali ndi delirium akhoza kukhala ndi zoonetsera.
- Matenda a Lewy ndi mtundu wa matenda a dementia omwe amatanthauza kusokonezeka kwadzidzidzi limodzi ndi zizindikiro zoyenda monga zofanana ndi matenda a Parkinson , maonekedwe owonetsetsa, komanso njira yophunzirira. Pachifukwa ichi, kumvetsetsa kawirikawiri kumasungidwa ndipo malingaliro ndi ovuta komanso okongola, koma kawirikawiri siwopseza. Mafinya amatha kupezeka m'mabungwe ena a dementia, kuphatikizapo matenda a Alzheimer's.
- Kuwonetsa ziwonetsero kumachitika chifukwa cha zikwapu zomwe zimapezeka mu malo openya a ubongo omwe ali mu occipital (Chilatini cha "kumbuyo kwa mutu") lobes kapena mu ubongo. Mmene zimagwirira ntchitoyi zimagwirizana ndi "chomasulidwa" chofanana ndi chimene chinayambitsa matenda a Charles Bonnet. Zomwe zingayambitse zochitika zapamwamba zimatha kuchitika ndi zikwapu zomwe zimakhudza malo opitilira mu ubongo omwe ali mu lobes temporal.
- Migraines ikhoza kutsatiridwa ndi ziwonongeko, monga mizere yowigwiritsira ntchito yosavuta. Izi zikhoza kuchitika musanamve kupweteka, kapena mwaokha popanda kupwetekedwa kokometsa. Chiwonetsero chophweka kwambiri cha maulendo a migraine ndi matenda a Alice-in-Wonderland, otchedwa chifukwa amakhudza kulingalira kwa kukula kwake. Zinthu, anthu, nyumba kapena miyendo yanu yomwe ikuwoneka ingawoneke kapena kukulirakulira, monga zotsatira za zakumwa, zakumwa, ndi bowa zomwe Carroll amachita kuti azichita m'zaka za m'ma 1800.
- Hypnagogic ( hypnos : kugona ndi agogos : kukopa) ndi hypnopompic ( pompe : kutumiza kutali) ziwonongeko zimatha panthawi ya kugona kapena kugalamuka, motero. Zitha kukhala zooneka kapena zozizwitsa ndipo kawirikawiri zimakhala zodabwitsa. Amatha kugwirizanitsa ndi matenda ogona monga matenda osokoneza bongo.
- Zokhumudwitsa zingayambitse zojambula zosiyanasiyana (kuphatikizapo zozizwitsa ndi zokometsera) malingana ndi malo awo mu ubongo. Kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ochepa ndipo amatha kutsatidwa ndi kutaya chidziwitso kuchokera ku chidziwitso chofala. Akakhala osasintha, amapempha fungo losasangalatsa, lomwe nthawi zambiri limatchedwa ngati raba yoyaka.
Kuipa kwa Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo
Mankhwala a hallucinogenic, kuphatikizapo LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) ndi PCP (phencyclidine), amachitiranso mankhwala othandizira kuti asinthe malingaliro awo ndipo nthawi zina amatsutsana. Kuwonjezera apo, mankhwala ambiri omwe alipo pamsika amakhala ndi zotsatira zina zomwe zimaphatikizapo ziwonongeko. Mankhwalawa angakhudze mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala mu ubongo, kuphatikizapo serotonin, dopamine kapena acetylcholine (zonse zitatu zomwe ndizofunika kwambiri pamagulu a ubongo). Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda a Parkinson akuyenera kuti apititse patsogolo makina a dopaminergic, omwe amachititsa kuti pakhale ngozi. Chochititsa chidwi, kuti mankhwala ochizira mankhwala nthawi zambiri amachita mochepetsa zotsatira za dopamine.
Kaya fano, phokoso, kapena liwu ndi loona kapena losafunikira, nkofunika kumvetsetsa kuti zonsezi, zomwe timaziona ngati zoona, zimapangidwa ndi makina athu a ubongo. Ife timangowona "chifukwa" chifukwa tili ndi intaneti yonse yomwe imagwira ntchito yopanga zizindikiro. Kusintha pang'ono kumasintha ku makina okonzedweratu ndipo dziko lathu lonse la "choonadi" lidzatha. Tangolingalirani ngati ubongo wanu ukufuna kuti muwone kuwala chifukwa cha fungo komanso molakwika: ndiye mudzadziwa zojambula monga zonunkhira ndi mafinya monga kuwala kwa kuwala. Ndipo izo, ndiye, zidzakhala "zoona."
> Zotsatira:
> Schadlu AP, Schadlu R Shepherd JB 3. Matenda a Charles Bonnet: ndemanga. Malingaliro enieni mu Ophthalmology; 2009, 20 (3): 219-222.
> Teeple RC, Caplan JP, Stern TA. Zizindikiro Zooneka: Kusiyanasiyana kwa Matenda ndi Chithandizo. Companion Primary Care ku Journal of Clinical Psychiatry; 2009, 11 (1): 26-32.