Musculoskeletal ndi mawu omveka omwe, monga momwe amatchulidwira, amatanthauza minofu ndi mafupa a thupi. Kwenikweni, mawonekedwe a minofu amaphatikizapo mafupa, minofu, manyowa, karotila, mitsempha, matope, ndi bursae. Minofu ya minofu imapereka bata komanso imapangitsa kuyenda kwa thupi.
Matenda a Musculoskeletal System
Mphungu - Pali mafupa 206 mu thupi la munthu wamkulu.
Kapangidwe ka fupa kali ndi mbali yakutali yopangidwa ndi mapuloteni (makamaka collagen) ndi hydroxyapatite (makamaka kashiamu ndi mchere wina). Mbali yamkati ya mafupa, yotchedwa trabecular bone, ndi yochepetsetsa kuposa mafupa olimba a cortical, koma ndifunikanso kukhalabe ndi mphamvu ya fupa. Ngakhale kuti mafupa onse ali ofanana, mafupa amachita ntchito zosiyanasiyana m'thupi:
- Mitsempha imapereka chithandizo chamkati kwa thupi (mwachitsanzo, chigoba cha chida cha ziwalo ndi ziphuphu) ndi kuteteza ziwalo zina (mwachitsanzo, nthiti ya nthiti imateteza mtima).
- Mitsinje imasunga kashiamu ambiri m'thupi.
- Mphuno imakhala ndi khomo lamkati lomwe liri ndi mafupa omwe mafulo ofiira, maselo oyera a magazi, ndi zigawo zina za magazi zimapangidwa.
Mphuno imakhala ndi ndondomeko yomwe imadziwika kuti ikukonzanso. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mafupa ndi njira yopitilira imene fupa lakale limaloŵedwa m'malo ndi fupa latsopano. Pfupa liri lonse lasinthidwa kwathunthu pazaka pafupifupi khumi.
Chaka chilichonse, 20 peresenti ya fupa la thupi limalowetsedwa.
Mitundu - Pali mitundu iwiri ya minofu yomwe ili mbali ya minofu ya minofu - chigoba ndi yosalala. Mtundu wachitatu wa minofu, mtima, si mbali ya minofu ya minofu. Minofu ya chigoba ndi mitanda yamagetsi. Kutenga minofu ndi zomwe zimayambitsa ziwalo zosiyanasiyana za thupi.
Minofu ya chigoba imaphatikizapo mafupa ndipo imayikidwa m'magulu otsutsana pamalumikiza (mwachitsanzo, minofu yomwe imagwedeza chigoba imakhala moyang'anizana ndi minofu yomwe imawongolera mbaliyo). Minofu ya chigoba imayang'aniridwa ndi ubongo ndipo imagwira ntchito mwachangu pansi pa chidziwitso cha munthu. Minofu yosasunthika imakhudza ntchito zina za thupi zomwe sizili pansi pa munthu. Minofu yamtundu imakhala pafupi ndi mitsempha yina, yomwe imagwira ntchito kuti iwononge magazi. Minofu yovuta imayambanso m'matumbo, akugwira ntchito kuti asunthire chakudya ndi nyansi pamphepete. Pamene minofu yosalala imayang'aniridwa ndi ubongo, sizimadzipereka. Kuphatikizika kwa minofu yosalala kumadalira zofunikira za thupi - osati kudziletsa.
Zolumikiza - Mphindi ndi pamene mapeto a mafupa awiri kapena angapo akubwera palimodzi. Ngakhale pali ziwalo zosasunthira (mwachitsanzo, pakati pa mbale za chigaza), ziwalo zambiri zimatha kutsogolera kayendetsedwe kake. Pali mitundu iŵiri ya ziwalo zomwe zimathandiza kuyenda: cartilaginous ndi synovial. Mankhwala amodzi ndi omwe amadziwikanso kwa anthu ambiri. Mankhwala a synovial amapezeka m'mitundu yambiri: mpira-ndi zowonjezera, zotupa, zotchinga, zitsulo, zitsulo, ndi ziphinda.
Mapeto a mafupa amtundu woterewa amadzazidwa ndi cartilage. Zilumikizi zimatsekedwa mu capsule yowonjezera yomwe ili ndi lining ( synovium ). Maselo a synovium amapanga synovial madzi omwe amadyetsa karoti ndipo amathandiza kuchepetsa kuthamanga pakapita.
Nkhuta - Mapeto a fupa omwe amapanga mgwirizano amadzazidwa ndi cartilage . Cartilage wamba ndi ofewa, wolimba, komanso woteteza mapeto a fupa. Cartilage ili ndi collagen, madzi, ndi proteoglycans. Cartilage amachititsa chidwi kwambiri ndipo amachepetsa mkangano ndi kayendetsedwe kake.
Mitsempha - Ligamu ndizitsulo zolimba, zowonjezera kapena magulu a minofu omwe amagwirizanitsa fupa ndi fupa.
Magavu amapangidwa ndi collagen ndi zotupa. Mitambo yotsekemera imalola mitsempha kuti ikhale yochepa. Mitunduyi imayendayenda ndikuthandizira ziwalozo, zomwe zimalola kuti kayendetsedwe kazitsulo kamveke.
Tendons - Tendons ndi magulu amphamvu, othandizira minofu omwe amagwirizanitsa minofu ndi mafupa. Tendons makamaka amapangidwa ndi collagen. Tendons amapezeka mumng'oma (ie, tendon sheath) yomwe imalola kuti tizilombo tisasunthike. Mthunzi wa tonde uli ndi zigawo ziwiri: phula la synovial ndi sheath.
Bursae - Bursae ndi timagulu ting'onoting'ono timene timakhala timene timakhala tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala tikuthamanga pakati pa ziwalo za thupi, monga mfupa, minofu, ndi khungu. Bursae amapezeka mu thupi lonse. Bursae amasiyana kukula malinga ndi malo omwe ali m'thupi. Pali pafupifupi bursae 160 yomwe imapezeka mu thupi lonse.
Matenda a Musculoskeletal
Matenda a musculoskeletal amagwiritsa ntchito nyamakazi , bursitis , ndi tendinitis , pakati pa ena. Zizindikiro zoyambirira za matenda a minofu zimaphatikizapo kupweteka, kuuma, kutupa, kuyenda kochepa, zofooka, kutopa, ndi kuchepa kwa thupi. Katswiri wa rheumatologist ndi katswiri wa matenda a nyamakazi ndi matenda a rheumatic. Madokotala a Orthopedic amagwiritsanso ntchito minofu ya minofu.
Zotsatira:
Zotsatira za Merck. Miyala. Alexandra Villa-Forte, MD.
http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/biology-of-the-musculoskeletal-system/bones
Zotsatira za Merck. Mitundu. Alexandra Villa-Forte, MD.
http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/biology-of-the-musculoskeletal-system/muscles
Zotsatira za Merck. Zigamulo. Alexandra Villa-Forte, MD.
http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/biology-of-the-musculoskeletal-system/ligaments
Kelley's Textbook ya Rheumatology. Kusindikiza kwachisanu ndi chinayi. Elsevier.