Mbiri, Zifukwa ndi Zochitika
Down syndrome ndi chikhalidwe chogonana chomwe chimayambitsa kromosome yowonjezera. Kukhalapo kwa chromosome ya nambala 21 yowonjezera kumayambitsa nkhope yosiyana, maonekedwe ndi zovuta zadzidzidzi zomwe zimawoneka mwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a Down syndrome. Ngakhale kuti anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a Down syndrome ali ndi makhalidwe ofanana, ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti munthu aliyense ali ndi matenda a Down syndrome ali ndi mphamvu ndi zofooka.
Kuti mumvetse tanthauzo la chromosome yowonjezereka, zimathandiza kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza ma chromosome.
Chromosomes
Chromosomes kwenikweni ndi mapepala odziwa za majini omwe amapezeka mu selo iliyonse ya thupi la munthu. Anthu ambiri ali ndi ma chromosome 46 omwe apangidwa awiri ndi awiri a ma chromosomes. Pali magawo makumi awiri ndi awiri omwe amatchedwa autosomes ndi ma chromosomes awiri. Azimayi ali ndi ma chromosome a X ndipo amuna ali ndi X ndi Y chromosome. Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a Down syndrome ali ndi chiwerengero cha chromosome yowonjezera 21 - matenda omwe amatchedwanso trisomy 21. Mmalo mwa ma chromosome 46, ali ndi 47. Pokhala ndi mavokosi atatu a ma chromosome 21 ndi chimene chimayambitsa Down syndrome.
Down Syndrome History
Down syndrome poyamba inafotokozedwa ndi Dr. John Langdon Down mu 1866. Iye anali dokotala ku England ali ndi chidwi chapadera pa kuchepetsa maganizo. Ngakhale kuti anali woyamba kufotokoza zizindikiro za anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a Down syndrome, mpaka mu 1959 chomwe chinayambitsa Down syndrome , chromosome yochulukirapo 21, chinawululidwa ndi Dr. Jerome Lejeune amene anali kuphunzira chromosomes (wapadera wotchedwa cytogenetics).
Chromosomes amatha kuwona pansi pa microscope ndipo Dr. Lejeune ndiye woyamba kuona ma chromosome 47 m'maselo a munthu amene ali ndi matenda a Down than 46.
Down Syndrome Makhalidwe
Ngakhale kuti munthu aliyense ali ndi matenda a Down syndrome ndipo palibe munthu mmodzi amene ali ndi matenda a Down syndrome amene ali ndi zizindikiro zonse za matenda a Down syndrome , zomwe mukuwerenga mwachidule zingakupatseni chidziwitso kuti mukufunikira kuti muzigwira nawo bwino ntchito yosamalira mwana wanu.
Zochitika za nkhope ndi za thupi
Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a Down syndrome ali ndi nkhope zosiyana zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azifanane, komanso mabanja awo. Amatha kukhala ndi maonekedwe a amondi ndi mapepala a epicanthic, mawanga owala omwe amawoneka ngati a Brushfield, kamphindi kakang'ono kosalala, kamlomo kakang'ono kamene kamakhala ndi lilime lophulika, ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono. Amakhalanso ndi nkhope zozungulira ndipo amawonetsa nkhope zakuda.
Zochitika zina zomwe zimawoneka mwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a Down syndrome zimaphatikizapo kachilombo kamodzi pamanja a manja awo, zala zazikulu zopanda pake ndi chala chachisanu chomwe chimalowa mkati mwachilendo chotchedwa clinodactyly. Zili ndi mutu waung'ono womwe umakhala wochepetsetsa kumbuyo (brachycephaly), ndi tsitsi lolunjika bwino lomwe ndi labwino kwambiri. Kawirikawiri, amayamba kukhala ndifupikitsa ndi miyendo yochepa ndipo angakhale ndi malo akuluakulu pakati pa lalikulu ndi chachiwiri chala.
Matenda a Zamankhwala
Ana omwe ali ndi matenda a Down syndrome ali pachiopsezo chachikulu chokhazikitsa mavuto angapo a zachipatala. Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda a Down syndrome alibe vuto lalikulu la mankhwala, ndibwino kudziŵa mavuto omwe angapangitse kuti chithandizo choyenera chithandizo chikhale chofunikira asanafike mavuto aakulu.
Pafupifupi ana onse omwe ali ndi matenda a Down syndrome amakhala ndi minofu yochepa yomwe imatchedwa hypotonia. Izi zikutanthauza kuti minofu yawo ndi yofooka ndipo imawoneka floppy. Ngakhale izi siziri vuto lachipatala payekha, ndikofunika chifukwa maonekedwe a minofu angakhudze mwana yemwe ali ndi mphamvu ya Down syndrome kuphunzira ndi kukula. Hypotonia sangathe kuchiritsidwa koma nthawi zambiri imakula bwino pakapita nthawi.
Hypotonia ikhozanso kutsogolera mavuto ena a mitsempha kapena mafupa monga atlantoaxial kusakhazikika komwe anthu ena okhala ndi Down syndrome angakhale nawo.
Ambiri mwa ana omwe ali ndi matenda a Down syndrome adzakhala ndi vuto linalake la masomphenya monga kuwonetsetsa, kuyang'anitsitsa, kudutsa maso komanso ngakhale kutsekedwa.
Pafupifupi ana makumi anayi (40%) omwe ali ndi matenda a Down syndrome amabadwa ndi zofooka za mtima zomwe zimakhala zochepa mpaka zochepa. Pafupifupi ana 40 mpaka 60% ali ndi Down syndrome adzakhala ndi vuto linalake lakumva. Mavuto ena omwe amapezeka mobwerezabwereza amakhala osowa m'mimba, mavuto a chithokomiro komanso kawirikawiri ndi khansa ya m'magazi.
Kulemala Kwaumwini
Anthu onse omwe ali ndi matenda a Down syndrome ali ndi ubongo wochuluka. Amaphunzira pang'ono pang'onopang'ono ndipo amakhala ndi mavuto ndi kulingalira komanso chiweruzo chovuta, koma ali ndi mphamvu zophunzira. N'zosatheka kufotokozera kukula kwa ubwana wolumala ali ndi matenda a Down syndrome atabadwa (monga momwe n'zosatheka kufotokozera mwana wa khanda pakubereka).
Ndikofunika kuti ana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a Down syndrome adzalandire chithandizo, chitsogozo, maphunziro ndi mankhwala oyenerera oyenera kuti athe kukhala ndi moyo wokhutiritsa.
Zotsatira
Gunderson, K., Ana Amene Ali ndi Down Syndrome - Makolo Atsopano , Woodbine House, 1995.
Chen, H., Down syndrome, Emedicine , 2007