Mudzadabwe konse zomwe pulmonologist imachita? Bwanji nanga wa oncologist?
Madokotala osiyanasiyana amachita mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala. Aliyense amadziwa kuti dokotala wa banja sali wophunzitsidwa kuti apange mtima. Komabe, kodi kwenikweni madokotala osiyanasiyana amachita chiyani, ndipo ndizochitika ziti zomwe amachitira?
Tiyeni tiwone pazithunzi zosiyanasiyana zosiyana siyana ndi ma subspecialties. Tidzangoyamba ndi kuyang'ana kwa madokotala omwe amaphunzira pa chisamaliro chapadera ndikuyang'ana pazinthu zina.
Zambiri zazomwezi zimachokera ku webusaiti ya maofesi omwe amaimira madokotala awa. Pamene mwanzeru, mauniyansi adzaperekedwa kuti mudziwe zambiri za madera awa.
Cholinga cha nkhaniyi sikuyenera kupereka chithunzi chokwanira. M'malo mwake, nkhaniyi iyenera kukuthandizani monga wodwalayo ndikuthandizani kudutsa mitsuko yomwe imayambitsa mankhwala. Mwa kumvetsa zomwe akatswiri ena omwe amadziwika bwino komanso odziwa bwino ntchito, amatha kumvetsetsa chisamaliro chomwe mumalandira ndi maudindo ndi maudindo a dokotala amene amakupatsani mankhwala.
Chithandizo Chamankhwala Choyambirira
Dokotala wamkulu wa chisamaliro ndi mfundo yoyamba kulankhulana. Gululo lachidziwitso limaphatikizapo mankhwala am'banja, mankhwala amkati, ndi ana. Madokotala oyang'anira chisamaliro amapereka odwala okhala ndi "opandafferentiated" komanso amadwala odwala pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro, zizindikiro, ndi mbiri yachipatala.
Chiwerengero cha mankhwala ochiritsira oyambilira ndi aakulu ndipo chimakhudzana ndi ziwalo zilizonse kapena zizindikiro zina, zokhudzana ndi maganizo, kapena zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe.
Malingana ndi American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), pali maudindo ena a madokotala oyang'anira chisamaliro:
- kupewa matenda
- kulimbikitsa zaumoyo
- uphungu
- maphunziro oleza mtima
- kukonza zaumoyo
- matenda ndi matenda aakulu
- Kupereka chithandizo chamankhwala m'malo osiyanasiyana, monga odwala (kuchipatala, chisamaliro cha nthawi yaitali, ndi zina zotero), ndi zochitika zapachipatala (kuphatikizapo chisamaliro chachikulu)
Madokotala oyang'anira chisamaliro kawirikawiri amayesetsa kupitiriza chisamaliro ndikuwona odwala panthawi yonse ya moyo wawo. Mwamunthu, munthu wachikulire akamatchula "dokotala" wake, ayenera kuti akutchula za dokotala wake wa internist kapena mankhwala.
Ngati pakufunika, dokotala wamkulu amatha kutumiza wodwalayo kwa katswiri ndipo motero azisamalira bwino.
General Internist
Munthu wina wotchedwa internist amachitira odwala akuluakulu. Akuluakulu a ntchito zapamwamba ndi madokotala omwe amasamalira anthu odwala matenda opaleshoni (chipatala) komanso odwala. Ophunzira ena amagwira ntchito pothandiza odwala okha m'chipatala, ndipo amatchedwa chipatala .
Pambuyo pa sukulu ya zachipatala, aphunzitsi ambiri amatha zaka zitatu zokhalapo kapena maphunziro apamwamba. Pambuyo pokhala alendo, madokotalawa amatha kukhala ophunzirira akuluakulu kapena kupitiriza maphunziro apadera.
General internists ndi akatswiri pakudziwa ndi kusamalira zosiyanasiyana zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mutu, matenda a gluroesophageal reflux (GERD) , matenda oopsa, ndi mtundu wa shuga 2. Ofufuza ntchito amatha kusamalira mankhwala, kupereka mankhwala, odwala opaleshoni omwe amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala komanso zotsatira zowononga mankhwala komanso kufufuza mankhwala omwe angakhale oopsa.
Nazi zina mwachindunji, kapena chiyanjano , zomwe aphunzitsi angathe kuchita pambuyo pomaliza kukakhala. Chiyanjano cha mankhwala chamkati chamkati chimakhala zaka zitatu koma chingathe kupitilira ngakhale motalika kwambiri ngakhale pang'ono. Anthu omwe amagwira ntchito m'maderawa amalandira njira zina zogwirira ntchito kapena magulu a ziwalo. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, anthu ogwira ntchito m'gululi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa amakhala oyenerera kugwiritsa ntchito mauthenga ovuta kwambiri azachipatala ndikupanga njira zovuta. Mu mndandanda uli pansipa, ndaika mayina a madokotala awa pamabuku.
- zozizira ndi immunology (wotsutsa zamoyo ndi immunologist)
- matenda a shuga, shuga ndi kagayidwe kake (endocrinologist)
- hematology kapena matenda a magazi (hematologists)
- gastroenterology (gastroenterologist)
- oncology kapena mankhwala a khansa (oncologist)
- nephrology kapena impso ( nephrologist )
- Matenda a pulmonary kapena mapapu (pulmonologist) (Maphunzirowa akuyanjana nthawi zambiri pamodzi ndi chisamaliro choopsa ndipo munthu amene amachitira zovuta kwambiri amatchedwa intensivist)
- rheumatology kapena mafupa (rheumatologist)
- matenda a mtima (cardiologist) (Maphunziro a zamoyo ndi malo ovuta komanso akatswiri a cardiologists angapangitse mwapadera kuti azitha kudwala matenda a mtima, matenda a mtima, electrophysiology komanso kupweteka mtima kwa mtima ndi kupatsirana mtima)
Family Physician
Dokotala wachipatala kapena dokotala wa mankhwala am'banja ndi dokotala yemwe ali woyenera kuti azichitira nzika zonse za m'banja, kuphatikizapo makanda, ana, achinyamata, akuluakulu ndi akuluakulu. Madokotala a banja samangopereka chithandizo chamankhwala okha komanso amachititsa kuti odwala azikhala osamalira thanzi ndipo angathe kutsogolera odwala awo, othandizira zaumoyo, ndi zipangizo zamagulu. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, dokotala wa banja amagwira ntchito zothandizira, zomwe zimaphatikizapo njira zowonongera matenda amtsogolo. Izi zingaphatikizepo kuyezetsa kuyezetsa, monga kolesterolini kapena kuyesedwa kwa shuga, kapena uphungu pa kulemera kwa thupi, kusuta fodya, kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso ndi zina zotero.
Madokotala am'banja amachiza matenda ambiri kuchokera ku matenda opuma opuma kupita kuchipatala kupita ku matenda a shuga ndi shuga. Komanso, madokotala ambiri am'chipatala amachititsa njira zochiritsira zochepa zomwe zimachitika ngati kuchipatala.
Monga internists, madokotala a banja amatha zaka zitatu zokhalapo kapena maphunziro apamwamba. Kuwonjezera apo, madokotala a zamankhwala amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kapena masewera olimbitsa thupi (okalamba). Dokotala yemwe amachita masewera olimbitsa thupi amatchedwa katswiri wazinza . Potsirizira pake, majekeseni ndi kachilombo ka mankhwala amkati.
Zolembedwa zogwiritsiridwa ntchito: Madokotala ambiri am'banja amasiyana ndi mawu akuti "dokotala wodwala." Akatswiriwa amanena kuti sali "kuchita" chirichonse ndipo ali akatswiri, nazonso.
Dokotala wa ana
Ana amamwino amasamala za thanzi labwino, maganizo, ndi zaumoyo za ana ndikuchiza odwala kupyolera mu msinkhu wokalamba. Amadziŵanso komanso amachiza matenda oopsa komanso odwala komanso amatenga chithandizo chamankhwala chodziletsa (kuganizira kayendedwe ka katemera ndi uphungu wa zaumoyo). Mofanana ndi wamkulu internist, katswiri wa ana angakhale dokotala wamkulu wa ana . Komanso, pali madokotala a zachipatala omwe amadziwika bwino m'madera osiyanasiyana monga momwe munthu angagwiritsire ntchito ntchito yosiyana kwambiri ndi kuti internists amasamalira anthu achikulire ndi ana omwe amasamalira ana. Ana amatha kukhala zaka zitatu ndikukhala ndi zaka zina za maphunziro a subspecialty. Zomwe zimachitika kuti madokotala a ana amapezeke matenda opuma opuma, matenda a khutu, kutsegula m'mimba, ndi zina zotero.
Katswiri Wamasewero-Mkazi Wachibadwa
Akatswiri a zamagazi (OBGYN) amawasamalira zosowa za abambo. Amasamaliranso akazi panthawi yoyembekezera komanso kubereka. Mchitidwe wodetsa nkhawa ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana ndi ochipatala ndi opaleshoni omwe ali ndi OBGYN amachita opaleshoni zosiyanasiyana monga hysterectomy , kapena kuchotsa chiberekero. Matenda opatsirana m'mimba ndi akazi a zaka zinayi. Kuwonjezera apo, OBGYN ingathe kupitiliza kuchita mwapadera m'madera monga kubereka kwa mwana wamwamuna, kubereka kwa mwana wamasiye komanso kubereka kwa mwana komanso kubereka.
Ndemanga yogwiritsira ntchito: Kulemba OB-GYN monga OB / GYN (ndi solidus kapena slash) imakhumudwitsidwa ndi olemba ambiri azachipatala. Kuwombera kumakhala ndi ntchito yovuta ndipo imatha kunena "mwina ... kapena" zomangamanga, zomwe ziri zolakwika kwambiri chifukwa ambiri a OB-GYN amachititsa kuti matendawa asokonezeke.
Opaleshoni
Kuchitidwa opaleshoniyi ndi pulogalamu ya zaka zisanu zomwe zimaphunzitsa madokotala kuti apeze matenda ndi matenda osiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito opaleshoni. Pambuyo pa opaleshoni yokhala ndi opaleshoni, madokotala opaleshoni ambiri (opaleshoni omwe amachitira mwamsanga popanda maphunziro owonjezera) amachita opaleshoni zotsatirazi:
- opaleshoni ya khansa yamtundu (ganizirani kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ochotsa khansa)
- opaleshoni yamadzimadzi
- mitsempha ya varicose
- cholecystectomy kapena kuchotsa ndulu
N'zoona kuti madokotala ochita opaleshoni amazoloŵeratu kupanga ma laparotomie , kapena kutsegula m'mimba pamimba, kapena laparoscopy , yomwe imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito laparoscope, kapena phukusi lokhala ndi kuwala kumapeto kwake. Laparoscopy ndi njira yowonongeka yochepa kwambiri ndi laparoscope ndi zipangizo zopangira opaleshoni zomwe zimapangidwira thupi kupyolera pang'onopang'ono komanso kutsika kwa mimba.
Atamaliza kukhala malo okhala, madokotala ambiri opaleshoni amapita patsogolo. Nawa maubwenzi ena omwe opaleshoni angathe kuchita:
- opaleshoni ya ana
- opaleshoni yamtima (kuganiza opaleshoni ya mtima)
- opaleshoni yaikulu (opaleshoni pa mitsempha ya magazi, monga kulenga fistula arteriovenous kwa dialysis ndi zina zotero)
- olimba thupi transplantation
- opaleshoni ya bariatric
- opaleshoni ya manja
Kawirikawiri, mankhwala amatha kukhala ochepa kwambiri: mankhwala ndi opaleshoni. Mankhwala amatanthauza zapadera zamankhwala zamkati zomwe ziri zopanda ntchito. Chonde dziwani kuti malo ena opatsirana opaleshoni ndi mayanjano amasiyana ndi opaleshoni yowonjezereka monga matenda a ubongo ndi urology.
Achipatala
Psychiatry ndichipatala chomwe chimaganizira za matenda, matenda, komanso kupewa matenda, khalidwe la maganizo komanso mavuto a maganizo.
Chonde dziwani kuti ngakhale pali kugwirizana pakati pa ntchito ziwiri, azamaganizo ndi a psychologists ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi thanzi lachipatala. Mwapadera, azamaganizo ndi madokotala ndipo ali ndi digiri ya MD kapena DO.
Kukhala m'maganizo kumatenga zaka zinayi. Nazi ena subspecialties:
- kusokoneza maganizo
- matenda a maganizo a ana ndi achinyamata
- odwala matenda opatsirana pogonana
- kusamalidwa bwino
Chonde onani kuti katswiri wa zamaganizo ndi dokotala yemwe amadziwika bwino ndi matenda ndi matenda omwe amachititsa matendawa. Ngakhale kuti paliponse pakati pa madera awiriwa, katswiri wa zamaganizo amalingalira za matenda a m'thupi. Mwachitsanzo, katswiri wa zamagulu akhoza kupereka chithandizo cha matenda aakulu monga matenda a stroke kapena matenda aakulu monga multiple sclerosis kapena dementia.
Chochititsa chidwi, kuti m'madera a matenda a ubongo ndi odwala matenda opatsirana pogonana amagawana kale ndi kale lonse. Matenda ambiri a ubongo amakhala ndi zizindikiro za maganizo. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, matenda a maganizo amatha kuwonetsa ngati matenda a ubongo. Zomwe zimachitika m'madera amenewa zikuwonekera m'mabungwe onse awiri okhala ndi maphunzilo, omwe amakhala ndi anthu odwala matenda opatsirana pogonana omwe amatha kupeza njira zambiri zokhudzidwa ndi matenda a ubongo, komanso akatswiri a sayansi ya ubongo akulandila matenda opatsirana maganizo. Ndipotu, odwala matenda a maganizo amalandira chizindikiritso potenga American Board of Psychiatry ndi Neurology.
Kutsiliza
Zomwe zili m'nkhaniyi zikufotokoza zosiyana siyana zachipatala ndizosawerengera. Zapadera zambiri ndi subspecialties sizinatchulidwe pano, kuphatikizapo radiology, mankhwala amthupi ndi kukonzanso (PM & R), hematology, matenda opatsirana, ndi zina zotero. Komanso, kutalika kwenikweni kwa malo ena okhala ndi mapulogalamu a chiyanjano nthawi zina kumasiyana. Pomalizira, pali zilolezo zina zomwe zimaphatikizapo maphunziro omwe ndaphunzira kale. Mwachitsanzo, madokotala ena amagwira ntchito zotsalira zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ndi mankhwala (Med-Peds).
Ngati muli ndi mafunso okhudza udindo wa dokotala wanu, chonde fufuzani mawebusaiti othandizana nawo ndipo muzimasuka kufunsa dokotala wanu paulendo. Nthawi zonse zimakhala bwino kudziwitsa za mbali zonse za chisamaliro chanu kuphatikizapo zomwe dokotala amachita komanso amachita.
Zotsatira:
Tanthauzo la Katswiri wa Ana. Mfundo yotsatira ya 2015 kuchokera ku American Academy of Pediatrics. Ipezeka kuchokera: URL: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/135/4/780.
Chisamaliro chapamwamba. Ipezeka kuchokera ku: URL: AAFP: http://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/primary-care.html
Specialty of Surgery General Akufotokozedwa. Amapezeka kuchokera: URL: American Board of Surgery: http://www.absurgery.org/default.jsp?aboutsurgerydefined
Mtengo BH, Adams RD, ndi Coyle JT. Neurology ndi Psychiatry: Kutseka Kugawa Kwambiri. Neurology 2000; 54: 8-14.
Kodi Psychiatry ndi chiyani? Ipezeka kuchokera ku: URL: American Psychiatric Association: https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/what-is-psychiatry.