HIV Padziko Lonse - China

Zitukuko Zakale Kwambiri ndi Zomwe Zimayendera ndi HIV ndi Edzi

China ndi imodzi mwa zitukuko zakale kwambiri padziko lapansi. Njira yawo ya moyo yakhazikitsidwa pa miyambo ndi chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina. Kodi chikhalidwe chokhalapo zaka 6,000 chikuchita bwanji ndi mliri umene unayambira zaka zoposa 30 zapitazo?

China - Chiwerengero cha anthu

Nazi zina zokhudza China:

• yomwe ili ku East Asia
• malo, ndi amodzi mwa mayiko akuluakulu padziko lapansi, okhala ndi makilomita pafupifupi 9,6 miliyoni (osakwana pang'ono kuposa United States)

• chiwerengero cha anthu pafupifupi 1.3 biliyoni, omwe ndi ofanana ndi 20 peresenti ya anthu padziko lapansi
• omwe ali ndi mafuko ambiri omwe amalankhula zinenero zosiyanasiyana
• palibe chipembedzo chovomerezedwa ndi boma koma chipembedzo chaumwini ndi mabungwe achipembedzo amaloledwa
• Zipembedzo zoyambirira ndi Buddhism, Taoism, ndi Confucian
• Miyambo yakale yakale imakhala maziko a chikhalidwe cha chi China

Mkhalidwe wa HIV ku China

Nazi zina zokhudza HIV ndi Edzi ku China:

• Kuyambira mu January 2006, chiwerengero cha "boma" chikusonyeza kuti anthu pafupifupi 650,000 amakhala ndi kachirombo ka HIV ndipo 75,000 amakhala ndi AIDS. Akatswiri kunja kwa China amakhulupirira kuti manambala enieni ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa omwe akuvomerezedwa ndi boma la China.

• pali anthu pafupifupi 70,000 omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV ndipo anthu 25,000 amafa ndi Edzi chaka chilichonse

Mliri weniweni wa mliri wa HIV ndi wovuta kuwunika chifukwa cha zigawo za boma. Maboma a m'derali komanso maboma a boma akulephera kuyika nambala yovuta pa mliriwu chifukwa choopa tsankho ndi manyazi.

Nzika zija zomwe zimadziŵa kuti kachilombo ka HIV ndi zotani kuti zibwere kutsogolera mantha pobwezera ngati zipezeka kuti zili zowona. Anthu ambiri samayesedwa chifukwa sakudziwa pang'ono kapena ayi ponena za kukhalapo kwa HIV. Akuti anthu 17 peresenti ya nzika za China samadziwa HIV.

Chiwerengero cha zigawo za kumidzi kwa HIV ndizosatheka kuwerengera molondola. Kupereŵera kapena kusapezeka kwa zoyezetsa komanso chiwerengero chochepa cha oyeza opaleshoni amachititsa kuti odwala azindikire zovuta kwambiri. Madera akumidzi a China ndi osauka kwambiri omwe alibe maphunziro ochepa. Anthu omwe amadziwa za HIV samayesedwa chifukwa cha manyazi omwe amawoneka bwino.

Mbiri ya HIV ku China

Ku China, mliri wa HIV unayamba pang'onopang'ono pakati pa m'ma 1980. Chiwerengero chochepa cha kachilombo ka HIV chinapezeka makamaka m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Akuluakulu a ku China adanena kuti kuphulika kwa alendo ndi alendo ochokera ku China akuchokera kudziko lonse lapansi. Boma la China linagwiritsa ntchito machenjezo a amayi achi China kuti asagone ndi anthu omwe boma limatcha "alendo ochokera kunja" chifukwa akhoza kutenga kachilomboka. Mwachidule, China ankaganiza kuti HIV ndi vuto la wina.

Boma la boma likunena kuti kachilombo ka HIV ndi koopsa kwambiri ku China. HIV inkaganiziridwa kuti ndi matenda ambiri ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo boma linaona kuti ku China, kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso "kugonana kosayenera" kunalibe vuto.

Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 90, kachilombo ka HIV kanatuluka ngati vuto lalikulu pakati pa ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Komabe, boma linamva kuti kachilombo ka HIV kanali "matenda a Kumadzulo," monga momwe analili ndi vuto lawo loyamba la mankhwala. HIV inalembedwa kuti "matenda a capitalism" komanso china chomwe China sichinayambe.

Koma kuyambira zaka za m'ma 90 mpaka chaka cha 2000, HIV inayamba kufalikira kudera lonse la China. Chowopsya cha vuto lofala choterocho chinatsimikiziridwa kukhala magazi osatetezeka.

Boma la China linagulitsa malo osonkhanitsira magazi ku China. Ngakhale kuti panali malo otsogolera kuti athe kutsimikizira khalidwe, malo ambiri osonkhanitsira anthu omwe adasonkhanitsa okha adadula ngodya kuti awonjezere phindu lawo. Njira zawo zogwiritsira ntchito zowonongetsa zinawulula anthu zikwizikwi ku HIV

Zipangizo zojambula zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse kwa odwala ambiri ndipo magazi omwe amasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kwa opereka angapo anali opangidwa. Akuluakulu analekanitsa ziwalo za magazi zomwe anazifuna ndipo kenaka analowetsanso magazi otsalawo kuti abwerere kwa opereka chithandizo, motero amawonetsera opereka chithandizo cha HIV, chiwindi cha chiwindi ndi matenda ena.

Pofika chaka cha 2000, makamaka chifukwa cha magazi osatetezeka, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a Edzi, chikuchititsa kuti boma la China liwoneke kuti palibe chifukwa chokhalira ndi kachirombo ka HIV.

Chikhalidwe cha Kugonana

Monga tanenera, chikhalidwe chachikulu cha Chichina chimachokera pa miyambo yakale. Chikhalidwe chimodzi chotere ndicho kugonana komanso kusankhana akazi. Kugonana kulipo pokhapokha pokhapokha pokhapokha pokhazikika. Chilungamo ndi chithandizo chofanana cha amayi chimatsutsana ndi zikhulupiriro ndi chikhalidwe. Kugonana kumakhala kozikika kwambiri kotero kuti ziphunzitso zambiri zimapempha funso losavuta, "Kodi akazi ndi anthu enieni"? Ambiri amafunsa ngati abambo ndi amai ali ndi makhalidwe ofanana.

Ngakhale mu umphawi, kugonana ndikofala. Akazi amawoneka ngati mpikisano kwa amuna ogwira ntchito. Kugonana kwakhala kwakukulu kwambiri pokhala ndi ana. Chizoloŵezi chochotsa mimba ndi chofala kwambiri kuti chiŵerengero cha ana aamuna mpaka ana aakazi chikufutukula. Kugonana kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa mliri wa HIV mwa kulamula momwe anthu amaphunzitsira za HIV komanso omwe amapanga zisankho zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere chotetezeka.

Tsamba 2 likulongosola omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, chitetezo cha kachilombo ka HIV, ndi chisamaliro chotani cha HIV.

Ndani Wachilomboka?

Monga momwe zilili m'madera ambiri padziko lapansi, kachilombo ka HIV kachokera ku matenda a anthu omwe ali ndi magulu angapo omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu ku matenda omwe amapezeka mwa anthu onse. Komabe, magulu akuluakulu oopsawa amachititsa matenda ambiri a dzikoli.

• IV Ogwiritsa Ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo - M'dziko lomwe pafupifupi anthu atatu pa 100 alionse ali ndi ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, anthuwa amawerengera pafupifupi 60 peresenti ya ma ARV atsopano. China ili ndi ndondomeko ya mankhwala osakanikirana ndi zero kuti aliyense wogwidwa pogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo akuyenera kupita kumalo osungirako mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Munthu angaganize kuti malo oterewa angakhale njira yabwino yophunzitsira za HIV. Komabe, kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapulogalamu a maphunziro a HIV ndi Edzi monga gawo la mankhwala osokoneza bongo wakhala akuchedwa. Mauthenga otetezera akhala ochepa pamasitolo ochepa omwe akufotokoza za chiopsezo cha HIV ndi kupewa.

• Magazi a Magazi - Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto onse omwe amagazi a ku China amachititsa m'mbuyomo, boma likupitiriza kuletsa kuitanitsa kwa mankhwala. Malo opereka magazi amapititsidwa ndi phindu, kutanthauza kuti malo ambiri amalonda amadula ngodya kuti apange ndalama zambiri, ngakhale zitanthauza kuswa lamulo. Akuti pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya matenda atsopano ndi ochokera ku mankhwala okhudzana ndi magazi. Yerekezerani izi ndi US, omwe chiwerengero cha matenda a m'magazi achotsedwa, ndipo mumvetsetsa vuto lalikulu lomwe magazi omwe ali nawo ali ku China.
• Ogwira Ntchito Zogonana - Vuto lokula la uhule ku China limapindula makamaka ndi zosowa zachuma. Kuchita chiwerewere sikuletsedwa ku China ndi maofesi omwe amathandizidwa ndi boma omwe amathandizidwa kuti azigonana. Komabe, zipangizo zamakono zimaphunzitsa kuipa kwa uhule komanso osati chiopsezo cha umoyo kuti uhule umawonekera kwa amayi omwe akukhudzidwa nawo. Kugwiritsira ntchito kondomu n'kolakwika. Akazi agwidwa chifukwa chonyamula kondomu, akuganiza ngati chizindikiro cha uhule. Chifukwa cha izi, ogwira ntchito za kugonana samayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu. Izi zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere chovomerezeka mwachikhalidwe zimaletsa amayi ambiri kuti asatengere njira zoyenera zogonana.

• Amuna Ogonana ndi Amuna (MSM) - Pamene kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikuletsedwa, kumakhala ndi manyazi. Ndi chonyansa chimenechi chomwe chimachepetsa kufikitsa kwa chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso maphunziro a HIV. Amuna achiwerewere amamva kuti palibe malo abwino oti akambirane za zoopsa ndi nkhawa. Amuna achiwerewere amalimbikitsidwa kuti azigonjetsa amuna awo okhaokha ndikukwatira akazi. Ambiri amachita koma amapitiriza kukhala ndi chiopsezo chogonana ndi amuna ena, kuika akazi awo pachiopsezo chachikulu pamene agonana muukwati. Ngakhale kuti MSM silinganene kuti pali kachilombo ka HIV tsopano, pafupifupi theka la MSM amachita chiopsezo cha kugonana, choncho akatswiri amaopa izi zidzakulitsa kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha HIV mwamsanga.

• Omwe akuthawa kwawo - Anthu okwana 120 miliyoni ochokera ku China ali ndi mafoni ambiri, akusunthira kudera lonse kulikonse kumene ntchitoyo imawagwira. Izi zimapangitsa iwo kukhala otetezeka ku HIV. Kupita kumalo atsopano, osadziwika, anthu othawa kwawo akukayikira kupeza mautumiki opewera kachirombo ka HIV ngati alipo. Amatha kupita kumadera kumene makondomu amalephera kapena amavutika kupeza. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu ambiri othawa kwawo ndi amuna osakwatiwa. Ndalama zomwe amapeza zimakhala zofunikira ndipo nthawi zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mankhwala ndi mahule kuti athetsere kusungulumwa kokhala panjira. Amuna omwe ali okwatirana, abwereranso ku maulendo awo ndikuika akazi awo pachiopsezo powagonana mosatetezeka nawo atakhala osagonana pamsewu.

Kupewa HIV

Pakafika chaka cha 1998 China idakhala ndi ndondomeko ya nthawi yayitali yolimbana ndi HIV. Chidziwitso cha malonda a kondomu chinawomberedwa msanga ndi boma la China pambuyo poti adakasewera nthawi imodzi pa gulu la pa televizioni m'dziko lonse lapansi mu 1999. Makondomu ankawoneka ngati zipangizo zogonana ndi boma la China la Industry Industry and Commerce ndipo analetsedwa ku airwaves. Choletsedwacho chinapitirirabe kufikira chaka cha 2001 pamene a Ministry of Health a China adakonzanso makondomu monga "zipangizo zachipatala" mmalo mwa kugonana. Komabe, makondomu sali mbali yovomerezeka ya China, iwo ndi ofooka ndipo ali osauka.

Posachedwapa zinalembedwa kuti mdulidwe ukhoza kukhala njira yothandiza kuchepetsa chiopsezo chotenga HIV.

Chikhulupiliro ndi chakuti mdulidwe ukhoza kukhala chisankho chabwino kwa mayiko ngati China omwe alibe zochepa kuti apereke kondomu maphunziro ndi kufalitsa. Komabe, nkhani ina ku China Daily inanena kuti akuluakulu sanagulitsidwe phindu la mdulidwe ndipo sangavomereze mwalamulo ntchitoyi.

Maphunziro ochepetsa kuchepetsa ngozi ndi mapulogalamu osinthana ndi singano akufalikira kudutsa China. Boma la China linayankha kuti maphunziro a kachilombo ka HIV ndi maulendo azidziwitsidwa kwa anthu onse pofuna kuyesetsa kutsutsa tsankho ndi manyazi. Mu 1998 China idalonjeza kuyambitsa maphunziro a HIV m'masukulu koma mpaka lero palibe pulogalamu yotereyi yomwe ilipo.

Magulu akuluakulu oopsa amapitirizabe kukhala operewera kwa vuto la HIV. Amuna achiwerewere alibe chitetezo ku tsankho, akulepheretsa kwambiri kuphunzitsa anthu. Magulu omwe akufuna kuthandiza kapena kuyambitsa ntchito zapadera za maphunziro a kachilombo ka HIV amatsutsa kuchita zimenezi poopseza kwambiri chiwonetsero chawo.

State of HIV Care

Ngakhale kuti chiwerengero cha kachilombo ka HIV chikukula, ndi ochepa kwambiri omwe amatha kupeza chisamaliro chachikulu cha HIV. Boma limalimbikitsa kupanga zipangizo zamakono za HIV; Komabe, izi zapezeka kuti ndizosoŵa komanso zosayenera. Kwa omwe ali ndi mankhwalawa, zotsatira zake zimakhala zoipitsitsa kwambiri kuposa mavoti ovomerezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zovuta zikhale zovuta. Pofika chaka cha 2004, anthu pafupifupi 12,000 anali ndi HIV nthawi zonse.

Boma lidayambitsa zomwe amachitcha kuti Four Frees ndi One Care Policy . Cholinga chimaphatikizapo ndi:

• Kusamalidwa kumagwiritsa ntchito madera akumidzi ndi kumabvuto azachuma.
• Kuyezetsa HIV kwaulere ndi uphungu.
• Mankhwala omasuka kwa amayi apakati omwe ali ndi kachilomboka.
• Sukulu yaulere kwa ana amasiye ndi HIV ndi Edzi.
• Kusamalidwa kwa HIV ndi thandizo lachuma kwa anthu omwe ali ndi HIV.

Pamene lingaliro ndilo labwino, kuti likhale loona ndilo kutali.

_Zotsatira:

_{Kanabus, A .; "" HIV / Edzi ku China "; Avert.org; 10 Feb 2007.}

_{Li, Chenyang ;; "Sage ndi 2: Kugonana: Confucianism Ethics ndi Gender." Tsegulani Khoti 2000 . 17th. Kusindikiza; Chicago 2000.}

_{US Department of State .; "Background Note: China"; Washington DC: 01 Jan 2007.}