Kuletsa Kubereka Kwalamulo
Lamulo la Griswold v Connecticut linasankhidwa pa June 7, 1965. Nkhaniyi inali yaikulu chifukwa Khoti Lalikulu linagamula kuti anthu okwatirana ali ndi ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito njira zoberekera . Izi zinapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yowonjezera ubwino ndi kumasuka komwe kuli lero. Izi zisanachitike, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira kubereka sikungalephereke kapena kutsekeredwa.
Chiyambi
Mu 1960, adakali ndi mayiko 30 omwe anali ndi malamulo (kawirikawiri ankadutsa nthawi ya kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800) yomwe inaletsa malonda ndi malonda.
Ena amati, monga Connecticut ndi Massachusetts, analetsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira kubereka kwathunthu.
Ndipotu, m'chigawo cha Connecticut, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoberekera zachisawawa kunali kulangidwa ndi $ 50 komanso / kapena chaka chimodzi kundende. Lamulo linaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito "mankhwala alionse, mankhwala kapena chida chothandizira kupeĊµa kutenga pakati." Lamulo linapitirizabe kuti, "Munthu aliyense amene amathandiza, kubwezera, kupereka uphungu, kuchititsa, kubwereka kapena kulamula wina kuti achite cholakwa chilichonse akhoza kutsutsidwa ndi kulangidwa ngati kuti ndi amene amachimwira." Ngakhale kuti lamuloli linalengedwa mu 1879, silinayambe lakakamizidwa.
Mu 1961, Estelle Griswold (Wotsogolera Wamkulu wa Planned Parenthood League ya Connecticut) ndi Dr. C. Lee Buxton (Wotsogolera wa Dipatimenti Yobisala ku Yale University School of Medicine) adaganiza zotsegula chipatala choletsa kubereka ku New Haven, Connecticut ndi cholinga chachikulu chotsutsana ndi malamulo a Connecticut.
Kliniki yawo inapereka chidziwitso, malangizo, ndi malangizo kwachipatala kwa anthu okwatirana za njira zothetsera mimba. Ku chipatala, amaonanso akazi (akazi) ndikupereka njira yabwino kwambiri yowalera kapena zinthu zomwe aliyense ayenera kuzigwiritsa ntchito.
Griswold anakhumudwitsidwa ndi lamulo la Connecticut chifukwa linasintha akazi omwe ankafuna kubereka komanso madokotala awo ku zigawenga.
Kachipatala kanagwira ntchito kuyambira November 1 mpaka November 10, 1961. Atatsegulidwa masiku khumi okha, Griswold ndi Buxton anamangidwa. Pambuyo pake, anaimbidwa mlandu, anapezeka ndi mlandu, ndi ndalama zokwana $ 100. Chikhulupiriro chawo chinatsimikiziridwa ndi Appellate Division ya Circuit Court komanso Khoti Lapamwamba la Connecticut. Griswold anapempha chigamulo chake ku Khoti Lalikulu ku United States mu 1965.
Zimene Wotsutsa Amanena
Ku Griswold v Connecticut , Estelle Griswold ndi Dr. C. Lee Buxton anatsutsana kuti lamulo la Connecticut loletsa kubereka limagwirizana ndi 14th Amendment, yomwe imati,
"Palibe boma limene lingapangitse kapena kulimbikitsa lamulo lililonse limene lidzabweretse mwayi kapena chitetezo cha nzika za ku United States; ndipo palibe boma lidzamulepheretsa munthu aliyense kukhala ndi moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda chifukwa cha lamulo ... kapena kukana munthu aliyense kutetezedwa kofanana kwa malamulo "(Chigamulo 14, Gawo 1).
Kumva Khoti Lalikulu
Pa March 29, 1965, Estelle Griswold ndi Dr. Buxton anatsutsa mlandu wawo pamaso pa Khothi Lalikulu. Oweruza asanu ndi awiri akuyang'anira mlandu - Woweruza Wamkulu: Earl Warren; ndi Oweruza Ogwirizana: Hugo Black, William J. Brennan Jr., Tom C. Clark, William O. Douglas, Arthur Goldberg, John M. Harlan II, Potter Stewart, ndi Byron White.
Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu
Mlanduwu unasankhidwa pa June 7, 1965. Pachigamulo cha 7-2, khotilo linagamula kuti lamulo la Connecticut linali losemphana ndi malamulo chifukwa linaphwanya Chigamulo Chokonzekera. Khotilo linapitiriza kunena kuti ufulu wa malamulo wokhazikika kwa anthu omwe ali pabanja omwe ali ndi chitetezo chachinsinsi ali ndi ufulu wosankha okha zochita pankhani ya kulera. Woweruza William O. Douglas analemba maganizo ambiri.
Amene adayankha ndi kutsutsana ndi Griswold v. Connecticut Ruling
- Ambiri: William O. Douglas analemba kuti ufulu waumwini waukwati uli mkati mwa "penumbra" ya Bill of Rights. Pogwirizana ndi mfundoyi, Justice Goldberg analemba kuti ufulu wachinsinsi m'banja ndi "ufulu waumwini" womwe umasungidwa ndi anthu 'kutanthauzira kwachinayi. "Justice Justice Harlan II ndi Justice White adagwirizananso ndi kusunga kuti Kutetezedwa ndi ndondomeko yoyenera ya Chisinthidwe Chachinayi.
- Zotsutsana: Hugo Black ndi Potter Stewart onse awiri adatsutsa malingaliro omwe akusonyeza kuti boma liri ndi ufulu wokantha milandu ya munthu pokhapokha pali dongosolo linalake loletsa kukanika. Justice Black anatsutsa kuti ufulu wachinsinsi sapezeka paliponse mu Constitution. Justice Stewart anadziwika kuti malamulo a Connecticut ndi "lamulo losachita zachilendo" koma adanena kuti adakalibe malamulo.
Zomwe Zidzakhalapo Pambuyo pa Griswold v. Chisankho cha Connecticut
Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikululi chinaphwanya lamulo la Connecticut lomwe linaletsa uphungu wa kulera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoberekera. Chigamulochi chimazindikira kuti Malamulo sapanda kuteteza munthu aliyense kuntchito; Komabe, Bill of Rights inakhazikitsa penumbras, kapena malo achinsinsi, omwe boma silingathe kulowerera.
Khotilo linagwirizanitsa kuti ufulu waumwini waukwati unali mkati mwa Choyamba, Chachitatu, Chachinayi, Chachisanu ndi Chachisanu ndi Chinayi Kusintha. Chigamulocho chinakhazikitsanso ufulu wachinsinsi muukwati kukhala chidziwitso chosawerengedwa (chomwe chimachokera ku chinenero, mbiri, ndi chikhalidwe cha Malamulo oyambirira ngakhale kuti sichikutchulidwa m'malemba) chomwe chimatanthauza tanthauzo lachisanu ndi chitatu. Kamodzi kodziwika motere, ufulu uwu kuubwenzi waukwati umatengedwa kuti ndi umodzi wa ufulu wapadera womwe umatetezedwa ndi Chachinayi cha Chisinthidwe kuchokera kuzinthu zovuta za boma. Motero, lamulo la Connecticut linaphwanya ufulu wachinsinsi m'banja ndipo linapezeka kuti siligwirizana ndi malamulo.
A Griswold v. Connecticut akulamulira makamaka kuti kusungulumwa muukwati ndikutsegula malire kwa boma. Malingaliro a Justice Douglas a Khotilo,
"Mlanduwu, ndiye, umakhudza ubale uli mkati mwa dera lachinsinsi lomwe limapangidwa ndi zifukwa zingapo zoyendetsera malamulo. Ndipo likukhudzana ndi lamulo lomwe, pofuna kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira za kulera m'malo molamulira kupanga kapena kugulitsa, amayesetsa kukwaniritsa zolinga zake pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowononga chiyanjano chimenecho. ...
Kodi tingalole apolisi kuti afufuze malo opatulika a zipinda zapakhomo kuti zikhale ndi zizindikiro zogwiritsira ntchito njira za kulera? Lingaliro lomwelo ndilokunyoza malingaliro a chinsinsi pambali ya chiyanjano chaukwati.
Tili ndi ufulu wochita zachinsinsi zakale kuposa Bill of Rights ... Ukwati ndikubwera palimodzi kuti ukhale wabwino kapena woipitsitsa, ndikuyembekeza kupirira, ndikukondana ndi kukhala wopatulika. ... Komano ndi mgwirizano wa zolinga zabwino monga aliyense amene akukhudzidwa ndi zomwe tasankha. "
Chimene Griswold a Connecticut sanalole
Ngakhale kuti Griswold v Connecticut adalamulira kuti agwiritse ntchito njira zobereka, ufulu uwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu okwatirana okha. Choncho, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira kulera analetsedwa kwa anthu omwe sanakwatirane. Ufulu wogwiritsira ntchito kulera sikunapitirire kwa anthu osakwatira KUDZIWA Eisenstadt v. Khoti Lalikulu la Khoti la Baird linagamula mu 1972!
Griswold v. Connecticut adakhazikitsa ufulu wokhala paokha pa banja. Ku Eisenstadt v. Baird mlandu, wotsutsayo adanena kuti kukana anthu osakwatira ufulu wogwiritsira ntchito kubereka pamene anthu okwatirana amaloledwa kugwiritsira ntchito njira zowononga zobereka ndi kuphwanya Chigwirizano Chofanana cha Chitetezo cha Chachinayi Chachinayi. Khoti Lalikulu linaphwanya lamulo la Massachusetts lomwe linaphwanya kugwiritsa ntchito njira za kulera ndi anthu osakwatirana. Khotilo linagamula kuti Massachusetts sakanatha kutsatira lamuloli motsutsana ndi anthu okwatirana (chifukwa cha Griswold v Connecticut ), kotero lamulo linagwira ntchito ngati "kusankhana mwatsatanetsatane" mwa kukana maanja omwe sali pabanja ufulu wolandira chithandizo. Choncho, chisankho cha Eisenstadt v. Baird chinakhazikitsa ufulu wa anthu osakwatira kuti agwiritse ntchito njira zoberekera pogwiritsa ntchito momwemo monga okwatirana.
Kufunika kwa Griswold v. Connecticut
Griswold v. Connecticut chisankho chawathandiza kukhazikitsa maziko a ufulu wambiri wobereka womwe ukuloledwa pansi palamulo. Kuchokera pa chigamulochi, Khoti Lalikulu linanena za ufulu wachinsinsi pamisonkhano yambiri yamalamulo. Griswold v Connecticut anaika chitsanzo chokhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kubereka, monga momwe adakhalira mu Eisenstadt v. Baird mlandu.
Kuphatikizanso apo, ufulu wachinsinsi umakhala ngati mwala wapangodya pamwambamwamba wotchuka Roe v . Mu Roe v. Wade , Khotilo linatsimikiza kuti ufulu wa amayi kuti asankhe kuchotsa mimba ndi wotetezedwa ngati chisankho chachinsinsi pakati pa iye ndi dokotala wake . Khotilo linapitiriza kunena kuti kuletsa mimba kungasokoneze Chigamulo Chokhazikitsa Chigawo Chachinayi, chomwe chimateteza kusagwirizana ndi zomwe boma likuchita (kuphatikizapo ufulu wa mkazi kuthetsa mimba).