Mmene Ubongo Umapangidwira Mmene Mumamverera
M'ma laboratori ku Berkeley, California, mwamuna wina wa imvi akukhala patsogolo pa TV. Akujambula mafilimu ambiri: Charlie Chaplin wokondeka, kujambula kwapathupi, mwana wolira. *
Pakali pano, mu chipinda chosiyana, tikuwonanso kanema wa pa TV. Pa ichi, komabe, ndi nkhope ya mwamuna yemwe ali pafupi, kusonyeza momwe aliyense amaonera mafilimu.
Zodabwitsa, zonse zomwe amachita ndi zofanana. Amayankha aliyense ndi kuseka kwake. Chiwonetsero cha chikondi, comedy, kapena chiwonongeko chimakondweretsa. Pambuyo pake, iye molimba mtima akunena kuti amasangalala. Mnyamatayo ali ndi khalidwe losiyana ndi la frontotemporal dementia . Maganizo ake samasiyana mosiyana ndi dziko lozungulira.
Kuganizira za Chisoni
Inu simukusowa kuti mukhale katswiri wa sayansi kuti mumvetse kufunikira kwa kumverera kwa moyo wathu wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Zambiri za moyo wathu wa tsiku ndi tsiku zimayendetsedwa ndi maganizo-timatsata zomwe timaganiza kuti tidzakhala zosangalatsa ndikuyesera kupewa zomwe zingatipangitse kusasangalala. Komabe, poyerekeza ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, malingaliro ndi kulingalira, malingaliro amatsutsana kwambiri ndi ziphunzitso zokhudzana ndi ubongo, mwinamwake chifukwa cha zovuta zazikulu zowonjezera.
Nthaŵi ina Dr. Robert Levenson anatanthauzira maganizo akuti "zochitika zazing'ono zamaganizo ndi za thupi zomwe zimaimira njira zabwino zothetsera kusintha kwa chilengedwe." Chisoni chimayambitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya thupi ndi yokhudzana ndi ubongo kuphatikizapo zowawa mu vekera (kapena "matumbo"), mawu omwe ali pamaso ndi thupi, ndipo amasintha chidwi ndi malingaliro.
Mayankho awa nthawi zambiri ndi othandiza komanso njira zodziwikiratu malingaliro ndi thupi zimagwirizanitsa zochitika zomwe zikuchitika.
Ubongo umasintha maganizo m'magulu angapo. Choyamba, chidziwitso cholowera chiyenera kuwerengedwa ndikupatsidwa kufunika kwa maganizo. Izi zimachitika mofulumira ndipo zimatha kupitirira kuzindikira kwathu.
Ngakhale zili choncho, zomwe timachita poyamba zimakhudzidwa ndi zifukwa zambiri zomwe zimakhudza anthu. Titha kuzindikira ndikukumverera. Malingana ndi momwe anthu amakhalira, tikhoza kutero kuti tiwonetsetse kuti maganizowa ndi otani. Mwachitsanzo, pali nthawi yomwe tingafune kufotokoza kukwiya kapena kunyansidwa koma tiyenera kukhala chete.
Maganizo a Edzi
Choyamba kuganiza mozama pa zinthu zina zomwe zili m'deralo zimachitika mofulumira ndipo nthawi zambiri sichimasokoneza. Mayankho awa amapezeka mu gawo lakale la ubongo wathu wotchedwa limbic system. Mosiyana ndi cortex yomwe yapangidwa posachedwapa, dongosolo la limbic lili ndi zigawo zochepa za neuroni zomwe zimapangidwira chidziwitso. Zotsatira zake ndizodziwika, koma monga momwe chidziwitso chathu chikusonyezera, sichimagwirizanitsa zonse zowunikira.
Mphepete mwa chiwalo cha limbic ndi zosatsutsika zofotokozedwa m'mabuku ndipo zikuwoneka kuti zikukula kapena mgwirizano kuti zigwirizane ndi zofuna za wolemba. Ntchito za limbic dongosolo zimapanganso kukhumudwa kuphatikizapo kukumbukira, kukhuta , ndi ntchito yodziimira . Zomwe zimafunikira kwambiri mu thupi lachimake zimakhala zofanana ndi amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex, ndi dera la ventral tegmental.
Nyumbazi zimakhala zofanana ndi mitundu yosavuta ya ma corory (zochepa zazingwe zoposa 6) ndipo zonse zili pafupi kwambiri ndi ubongo. Ngakhale kuti mphamvu ya limbic imakhudzidwa kwambiri, izi zimakhudzidwanso ndi mbali zina za ubongo, makamaka chigawo cha prefrontal cortex .
Kufufuza
Pali njira zosiyanasiyana mu ubongo zomwe zimagwirizanitsa zokopa ndi mtima wamtengo wapatali. Ndondomekozi zimalumikizana kwambiri ndi zolimbikitsa, monga momwe mtima wathu umatitsogolera nthawi zambiri. Zisonyezero sizikhala padera, koma m'malo momalankhulana ndi kuthandizana.
Njira yoyamba yomwe ikukhudzidwa ndi kufufuza ndi dopaminergic mphoto system, kuphatikizapo ventral tegmental dera ndi nucleus accumbens. Nyumbazi zimakhala pampando ndi pansi pa ubongo, pafupi ndi msinkhu wa maso komanso kumbuyo kwa akachisi. Ndondomekoyi imayankha mphoto, ndipo imatilimbikitsa kubwereza chinachake chomwe chimamveka "chabwino."
Njira yachiwiri ikuphatikiza maulendo a amygdalae. Izi ndizigawo ziwiri za mitsempha zokhudzana ndi kukula kwa amondi omwe amakhala pansi pa nthawi iliyonse. Izi zimaphatikizapo mayankho a mkwiyo, mantha, ndi nkhanza.
Zina, monga insula, zimakhudzidwa mtima. Nkhalango (kutanthauza mphanga) ndi dera la ubongo lomwe linayambira kumbuyo kwa khola la kutsogolo ndi laling'ono kumbali ya ubongo. Gawo la anterior limathandiza kuthandizira kusintha kwa zonyansa.
Kuzindikira Kwambiri
Izi zikagwirizanitsa zolimbikitsa ndi mtima wapadera, choyamba chimayamba. Mwachitsanzo, amygdala imagwirizana ndi hypothalamus ndipo ikhoza kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mtima ndi kuwonjezeka kwa magazi, zomwe zonsezi ndi mbali yofunikira ya mantha kapena mkwiyo. Nkhalangoyi imagwirizanitsidwa ndi timapepala ta manjenje omwe amachititsa kuti mimba ikhale ndi nsanje. Thupi lathu likhoza kutenga zizindikiro izi ndikuzindikira kutengeka.
Kuwonjezera pakuzindikira kusintha kwa thupi, malo oponderezedwa kumalo a cortex omwe amatilola kuti tizindikire kuti kumverera kukuchitika. Mwachitsanzo, polojekiti yopereka mphotho kumalo ovomerezeka a orbitofrontal cortex, omwe amatithandiza kudziwa zochita zam'tsogolo pogwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zamaganizo.
Ulamuliro wa Chisoni
Pali nthawi yomwe kumverera kumayenera kuyendetsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, sitiyenera kuseka pamaliro ngakhale munthu atavala kavalidwe kodabwitsa. Monga momwe kutengeka kumabwera patsogolo, tingafunikire kuyendetsa malingaliro awo. Tingayese kuthetsa malingaliro athu osalola kuti nkhope yathu kapena thupi lathu liwonetsere zomwe timamva. Mwachitsanzo, ngati tiwona tigu, tikhoza kuyesa kukhala olimba mtima. Titha kuwerenganso, kutanthawuza kumangirira mwatsatanetsatane zochitika zomwe poyamba zinatipangitsa kukhala ndi maganizo. Mwachitsanzo, tikhoza kudzikumbutsa tokha kuti kwenikweni ndi chithunzi cha kambuku m'malo mowona chinthu chenichenicho.
The orbitofrontal cortex imayambitsa malamulo, ndipo kuwonongeka kwa dera lino kungayambitse kukhudzidwa ndi kusakhoza kuyendetsa mtima woyambirira. Chitsanzo chotchuka kwambiri ndi Phineas Gage, woyang'anira sitimayo amene anavutika ndi ngozi yomwe inatumiza ndodo yaikulu yachitsulo kudzera mu gawo ili la ubongo. Malinga ndi malipoti a dokotala wake, iye anali wokhudzidwa kwambiri komanso wopupuluma posakhalitsa ngoziyi. Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti odwala sangathe kuwerenganso momwe zinthu zimasinthira pamene zinthu zikusintha. Mwachitsanzo, poyesera momwe odwala oterewa amasinthira kuchokera ku njuga ntchito, amatha kusankha mphotho zazikulu m'nthawi yochepa ngakhale akudziwa kuti sizinali zofuna zawo za nthawi yaitali.
Kawirikawiri, anthu ambiri asonyeza kuti mbali yoyenera ya ubongo wathu imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kukonza maganizo monga mantha, chisoni, ndi zonyansa. Kum'mwera kwa dziko lapansi kunanenedwa kukhala wokhudzana ndi chimwemwe komanso mwinamwake mkwiyo. Izi zikhoza kukhala zodabwitsa, ngakhale maphunziro ambiri kuti athandizire mfundo yaikulu.
Kutsiliza
Kukhumudwa sikungopangidwe kuchokera ku mbali imodzi ya ubongo koma kumadalira pazinthu zingapo zophatikizapo amygdala, ventral tegmental area, orbitofrontal cortex, ndi zina zambiri zomwe zimatulutsa zochitika zakunja, zimapangitsa kuti ayambe kuganiza, ndikuyankhira ngati kuli kofunikira. Kusokonezeka m'dongosolo lino kungachititse kuti musakhale ndi maganizo kapena zovuta, malingana ndi chikhalidwe ndi malo omwe mumasokonezeka.
* Zinthu zina zasinthidwa kuti ziteteze chinsinsi.
Zotsatira:
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Davidson RJ, Ekman P, Saron CD, Senulis JA, Friesen WV (1990): Kuyandikira-kuchotsa ndi ubongo monga asymmetry: mawu okhudza maganizo ndi ubongo waumoyo. I. J Pers Soc Psychol. 58: 330-341.
Levenson R (1994): Kutengeka kwaumunthu: Maganizo othandiza. Mu: Ekman P, Davidson R, olemba. Chikhalidwe cha kutengeka: Mafunso ofunika. New York: Oxford, pp 123-126.
Mesulam MM (2000): Khalidwe la Neuroanatomy. Mu: Mesulam MM, mkonzi. Mfundo Zokhudzana ndi Makhalidwe Abwino Okhudza Khalidwe labwino. New York: Oxford, pp 1-120.
Rosen HJ, Levenson RW (2009): Ubongo wamaganizo: kuphatikiza zidziwitso kwa odwala ndi sayansi yeniyeni. Neurocase. 15: 173-181.