Kufotokozera mwachidule njira imodzi yofunikira kwambiri m'thupi lanu
Ndondomeko ya mitsempha ndi imodzi mwa mbali zodabwitsa kwambiri za thupi la munthu. Ndondomeko yanu ya mitsempha imatenga zonse zomwe zikukuyenderani padziko lonse ndikukutumizirani uthenga ku minofu yanu, kukulolani kupanga njira yanu kudutsa mdziko. Ndondomeko yanu yokhudzana ndi umanjenje imayendanso ntchito zanu zonse zofunika, zomwe ambiri simukuzidziŵa bwino.
Mwachidule, zimakupatsani moyo.
Ngakhale kuti zingamve ngati kusungunuka kumene mbali yofunika kwambiri ya thupi lanu sichidziwikiratu mwa kulengedwa, mwina ndi chinthu chabwino kuti dongosolo lanu lachitetezo laumadzi lisatuluke. Mukagwa pamene mukuphunzira kuyenda, mukhoza kudzivulaza kwa kanthawi, koma mumaphunzira momwe mungadzisankhire nokha. Kodi mungaganize ngati mutaphunzira kufulumizitsa mtima wanu nthawi iliyonse yomwe mukufunikira? Kapena ngati munasiya kupuma nthawi iliyonse imene munagona?
Monga zinthu zambiri zosawerengeka, tanthauzo la dongosolo lachitetezo lodziwika bwino limadziwika mwadzidzidzi pamene chinachake chikulakwika. Ngakhale kuti matenda ochepa amatha kusokoneza kayendedwe ka mantha kokha, pafupifupi matenda onse a zachipatala ali ndi zotsatira zina pazidziwitso. Pofuna kumvetsetsa bwino matenda ndi thanzi, ndikofunikira kudziŵa momwe dongosolo lachitetezo laumadzi limagwirira ntchito.
Autonomic Nervous System Anatomy
Mankhwala anu amadzimadzi amakhala pafupi kunja kwa mitsempha yamkati ndipo imakhudza mbali ziwiri: gawo la craniosacral (parasympathetic), ndi gawo la thoracolumbar (wachifundo).
Izi nthawi zina zimaganiziridwa kuti zimatsutsana wina ndi mzake, potsirizira pake zimakhala zolimbitsa thupi. The parasympathetic amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusangalala, chimbudzi, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosavuta. Wachifundo ndi amene amachititsa kuti "nkhondo kapena kuthawa" ayankhe.
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zochititsa chidwi zokhudza dongosolo lokhazikika la mitsempha ndiloti , mitsempha yonse imatulutsa mitsempha yotchedwa ganglion musanatumize uthengawu ku chiwalo cholunjika, monga chigoba chokha.
Izi zimathandiza kuti mulingo wina uyankhule ndi kulamulira.
The Parasympathetic
Mitsempha yambiri ya mavitamini a parasympathetic autonomic system inayamba mu mtima wanu mu ubongo. Kuchokera kumeneko, amayenda m'mitsempha yambiri monga vagus nerve, yomwe imachepetsa mtima, kapena mitsempha ya oculomotor yomwe imapangitsa mwanayo kukhala maso. Kusokonezeka ndi zomwe zimapangitsa maso anu kugwedezeka ndi pakamwa panu kuti muthe. Mankhwala ena amatsitsimutsa m'makoma a thoracic ndi m'mimba monga chiwalo, m'mimba, pharynx, mtima, zikondamoyo, ndulu, impso, ndi ureter. Sacral parasympathetic imagwirizanitsa ndi ganglia m'makoma a coloni, chikhodzodzo, ndi ziwalo zina zapakhosi.
Wachifundo
Mankhwala achisoni a dongosolo lodzidzimitsa lokhaloka amachoka pambali ya msana kumene amalandira kuchokera ku mbali zina za ubongo monga brainstem ndi hypothalamus . Mbalame zimathamanga kuchokera ku synapses mu ganglia kunja kwa msana wamphongo mpaka zolinga zawo, kawirikawiri pamodzi ndi mitsempha ya magazi. Mwachitsanzo, mitsempha yachisoni yomwe imapangitsa maso anu kukhala mdima chifukwa cha mdima kapena mantha omwe amachokera mumtsinje wa msana m'kati mwako ndi synapse mu ganglion yotchedwa ganglion wamkulu, amatha kuthamanga pamtunda wa karotid kumaso ndi maso.
Mitsemphayi imatulutsa mitsempha kumimba ndi m'mimba, ndipo zimapangidwanso.
Autonomic Neurotransmitters
Machitidwe amanjenje amalankhulana ndi anthu otchedwa mankhwala a neurotransmitters. Othandiza anthu odwala matendawa monga acetylcholine ndi norepinephrine makamaka ali ndi udindo woyankhulirana mu dongosolo lanu lodzidzimitsa. Kwa mbali zonse zapasympathetic ndi zomvera za dongosolo la autonomic, acetylcholine imamasulidwa pamtunda wa ganglia. Mankhwala a acetylcholine mu ganglia ndi nicotinic ndipo akhoza kutsekedwa ndi mankhwala monga curare. Komabe, mapuloteni amtundu amasiyana amasiyana ndi maselo a mitsempha atakhala ndi zolinga zawo.
Mu dongosolo la mantha la parasympathetic, postganglionic receptors mu ziwalo monga matumbo a m'mimba amatchedwa muscarinic ndipo amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala monga atropine.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zipolopolo zoterezi zimamasula norepinephrine, kupatula zojambula thukuta ndi minofu yosalala pamitsuko ya magazi, yomwe acetylcholine imagwiritsabe ntchito. Norepinephrine yotulutsidwa ndi neurons ya post-ganglionic inagonjetsa gulu la mapulogalamu ovomerezeka omwe amatchedwa family adrenergic ya receptors. Pali mitundu iwiri iwiri ya adrenergic receptors, alpha, ndi beta, iliyonse yomwe ili ndi magulu ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi katundu wawo wapadera ndipo akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala.
Kupanikizika kwa Magazi
Kupsyinjika kwa magazi ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha momwe zigawo zomvera ndi zomvera za dongosolo la manjenje zimagwirira ntchito pamodzi mu thupi. Kawirikawiri, pali zinthu zikuluzikulu ziwiri zomwe zimayambitsa kukakamizidwa kwa magazi: Kuthamanga ndi mphamvu ya mtima wanu wopopera, ndi kupepuka kwa mitsempha ya thupi m'thupi lanu. Pamene mchitidwe wamanjenje wachifundo ukulamulira, mtima wanu umapuma mwamphamvu ndi mofulumira, mitsempha yanu ya magazi imakhala yopapatiza komanso yolimba, ndipo kuthamanga kwanu kwa magazi kudzakhala kotsika. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, dongosolo la parasympathetic limachepetsa mtima ndi kutsegula mitsempha ya m'magazi, zomwe zimachititsa kuti magazi asagwe.
Tangoganizirani kuti mwaima mwadzidzidzi mutakhala pansi kwa nthawi yaitali. Zipangizo ziwiri zovomerezeka zimamva kupanikizika m'makoma a chitetezo cha magazi pa carotid sinus ndi aortic arch ndi kutumiza mauthenga ku brainstem, zomwe zimayankha bwino pakuwonjezera mphamvu ya magazi.
Nthawi zina, mungafunikire kuti magazi anu azikwera chifukwa inu muli, mukuwopsya ndi chimbalangondo chakukwiya. Ngakhale musanayambe kuthamanga, ubongo wanu wazindikira chimbalangondo ndikutumiza mauthenga anu hypothalamus kukonzekeretsa thupi lanu kuti lichitepo kanthu. Anthu achifundo amawotchera, mtima umayamba kuphulika, ndipo kuthamanga kwa magazi kumayamba kuwuka.
Ngakhale pali njira zina zomwe zingathetsere kuthamanga kwa magazi, monga mahomoni, izi zimakhala zochepa pang'onopang'ono, osati mofanana ndi zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndi dongosolo lanu lodzidzimutsa.
Mmene Mungayendetsere Vuto Lanu Labwino la Kutopa
Kwa ambiri a ife, dongosolo lodzidzimitsa lokha la mantha limakhala losalamulirika. Komabe, chigoba cha ubongo wanu, chomwe chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi lingaliro lodziwika, chingasinthe dongosolo lanu lokhazikika la mantha pamlingo winawake. M'chiberekero, insula, kapangidwe kakang'ono kamene kalikonse kamene kali kosavuta, kambirimbiri, amygdala ndi zowonongeka zimagwirizana ndi hypothalamus kuti zithetse mphamvu yanu yodzikweza. M'kati mwa ubongo, nucleus tractus solitarius ndilo lamulo lalikulu la kayendedwe kabwino ka mitsempha, kutumiza mowonjezereka pogwiritsa ntchito mitsempha ya IX ndi X.
Chifukwa kalotiyo imagwirizana ndi dongosolo lodzidzimitsa, mumatha kuyendetsa kayendedwe ka mantha kachitidwe kake, makamaka ndi zina. Anthu ophunzitsidwa bwino, monga oga apamwamba, amatha kuchepetsa mtima wawo kapena kuchepetsa kutentha kwa thupi mwazochita. Komabe, ambiri a ifefe timayang'ana zinthu zomwe zimakhala zosangalatsa m'malo momangodandaula, kapena kungotenga mpweya waukulu pamene mukuwona kuti mchitidwe wamanjenje wachifundo umayambitsa kuthamanga kapena kusokonezeka maganizo, kungabweretsere dongosolo lanu la mantha la piritsi kulamulira.
Zotsatira
- Adams ndi Victor's Principles of Neurology, 9th ed: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2009.
- Blumenfeld H, Neuroanatomy kupyolera m'zipatala. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates Publishers 2002.