Zosakanikirana, Zovuta, ndi Njira Zonse Zowonetsera Mankhwala
Pali njira zambiri zamayendedwe ka mankhwala (njira yomwe mankhwala amaikidwa mu thupi). Malingana ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, mlingo wa zofuna, komanso malo enieni (pamene mankhwala akufunikira kukhala ndi zotsatira) dokotala wanu kapena wamankhwala adzakuphunzitsani njira yoyendetsera ntchito yanu.
Mankhwala ambiri amapangidwira njira yapadera ya kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ndipo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito motsogoleredwa ndi chitetezo .
Njira za mankhwala
Kawirikawiri, magulu awiri a kayendedwe ka mankhwala alipo: parenteral ndi nonparenteral. Mitundu iwiriyi ikuwonetsanso ngati mankhwala amatha kukhala m'madera amodzi (thupi) kapena amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mitsempha ya thupi kuti iperekedwe ku ziwalo za thupi (systemic effect).
Parenteral
Njira yopangira njirayi imaphatikizapo mankhwala omwe amalowa mu thupi paliponse kupatula pakamwa kapena pakudya (gawo lonse limene chakudya chimadutsa m'thupi kuchoka pakamwa kupita ku anus. Kuphatikizanso mimba, m'mimba, ndi matumbo).
Kawirikawiri, parenteral ndiyo njira yodalirika, yowongoka komanso yowonjezereka yopereka mankhwala. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene mankhwala okwanira ndi okwanira mofulumira.
Limalongosola mankhwala alionse ojambulidwa m'thupi kudzera m'mitsata yotsatirayi:
- Intradermal ( kulowetsa mankhwala m'zigawo zoyamba za khungu)
- Subcutaneous (injecting mwachindunji mu mafuta minofu pansi pa khungu)
- Mitsempha (kulumikiza mwachindunji mu minofu)
- Kutsegula m'mimba (kulumikiza mankhwala mwachindunji mumtambo)
- Intracardia (kulumikiza mwachindunji mu mtima)
- Intravenous (injecting mwachindunji mumsana)
- Intrathecal (kulowetsa mu ngalande ya msana)
- Epidural (kulowa mu matendawa malo a msana wa msana)
- Intraperitoneal (injecting mwachindunji m'mimba pamimba)
Liwiro la kuyamwa limasiyanasiyana ndi marenteral administration, koma mofulumira kuposa mauthenga amlomo , omwe ndi njira yopanda malire. Zina mwa zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito njira ya parenteral ndi yakuti pali chiopsezo chochepa cha matenda, kuwonongeka kwa minofu, ululu ndi / kapena nkhawa kwa odwala ena.
Nonparenteral
Nonparenteral ndi njira yomwe mankhwala amlomo (mapiritsi, capsules, syrups), mankhwala opatsirana (mafuta odzola, mavitamini ngati nitro), ndi suppositories (mazisinkhu ndi ma rectal) amaperekedwa. Njira iyi ikuphatikizapo:
- Mwamlomo (mankhwala amatengedwa pakamwa ndipo amalowetsedwa mu dongosolo kudzera mu dongosolo lakumagawa. Kutsekemera kumachedwetsa. Mankhwala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njirayi sangagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati kusanza kukuchitika.)
- Zigawo zapadera (mankhwala amaikidwa pansi pa lilime kuti adziyamwa ndi thupi)
- Zojambulajambula (zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji kumbali ya thupi)
- Transdermal (zowonjezera zowonjezera zimaperekedwa kudzera pakhungu kuti zitheke kuperekedwa. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo zizindikiro za transdermal)
- Ophthalmic (operekedwa kupyolera mu diso, kawirikawiri mwa mawonekedwe a madontho)
- Otic (operekedwa kudzera mu khutu)
- Kusokoneza ( kuperekedwa kudzera m'mphuno)
- Zachilendo (zotengedwa ndi tsamba lochepetsetsa)
- Vaginal (yoperekedwa kupyolera mukazi)
- Mucosal (mankhwala amaperekedwa kupyolera m'mphuno kapena kupumidwa ndipo amathyoledwa kudzera mu mchere wamphongo kapena bronchioles, motero. Kugonjetsa kwa mankhwala kumatchedwanso mucosal.)
- Mankhwala opatsirana amatha kupyolera mwachindunji kudzera pakhungu kupita m'magazi. Mankhwala ena oletsa kubereka ndi mahomoni amaloledwa ndi mazenera omwe amalowa pang'onopang'ono mofanana ndi khungu, mwachitsanzo.)
Ubwino wogwiritsira ntchito njirazi zopanda malire ndizosavuta komanso zosavuta kwa ambiri.
Mwamwayi, ngati mukutsutsidwa, kusanza, simungathe kumeza, kapena kukhala ndi vuto la m'mimba, kumwa mankhwala kudzera m'matumbo a m'mimba sikuvomerezeka.