Ulendo woyendetsa zamankhwala, wotchedwanso opaleshoni yapadera kapena opaleshoni kunja, ndi njira yakuchoka m'dziko lanu kuti mukalandire chithandizo m'dziko lina. Izi siziyenera kusokonezeka ndi kuchita opaleshoni yosakonzekera kudziko lachilendo chifukwa cha matenda kapena zovulazidwa zosayembekezereka. Ulendo wa zachipatala umatanthauza kupita kudziko lina mwachindunji kuti ukhale ndi chithandizo chamankhwala kapena opaleshoni.
Panthawiyi, akuganiza kuti Achimereka 750,000 kapena ambiri adzafunafuna chithandizo chamankhwala kunja kwa United States chaka chotsatira. Ambiri mwa iwo adzafuna opaleshoni pa mtengo wotsika, kapena njira yomwe sangathe kukhala nayo pakhomo.
Chifukwa Chakupita Kwachipatala Ndi Chofala Kwambiri
Ulendo woyendetsa zamakono ndi wochititsa chidwi pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa mtengo wa opaleshoni panyumba, kukhala wochokera kudziko lina amene akufuna kupanga opaleshoni m'dziko lawo.
- Ndalama Zochepa za Utalii Wa Zamankhwala: Mtengo wa opaleshoni ndi wochepa kwambiri m'mayiko akunja poyerekezera ndi mtengo wa opaleshoni yomweyo ku United States. Kwa munthu amene ali ndi ndondomeko yomwe siilimbikidwe ndi inshuwaransi, monga opaleshoni yokongoletsa, kapena wina yemwe alibe inshuwalansi, kusiyana kungakhale kwakukulu.
Kwenikweni, mtengo wa njira zina zingakhale zochepa pa 90 peresenti m'mayiko akunja kuposa momwe zingakhalire ku United States. Opaleshoni ku India ndi yotsika mtengo kwambiri, ndipo odwala akuyandikira ku Malaysia, Brazil, Singapore, Costa Rica, Mexico, Thailand ndi Vietnam.
Tikudziwa chifukwa chake ma opaleshoni ku United States ndi okwera mtengo , koma n'chifukwa chiyani chithandizo chachipatala ndi chithandizo chakumayiko kunja kuli wotchipa? Mtengo wa ntchito, kaya ndi anamwino, othandizira, opaleshoni kapena madokotala, nthawi zambiri umakhala wotsika kwambiri. Komanso, inshuwalansi yopanda chilungamo, yomwe ingapangire madola 250,000 pazinthu zina zamtengo wapatali, ndizochepa kwambiri. Pamene mtengo wa ntchito uli wotsika, chirichonse chimakhala chotsika mtengo, kuchokera kumalo kumene kuli kusamalidwa kwa mtengo wa chakudya choperekedwa kuchipatala.
- Inshuwalansi za inshuwalansi: Makampani ena a inshuwalansi ayamba kulimbikitsa zokopa zachipatala chifukwa chosunga ndalama. Buluu la Blue Cross ndi Blue Shield layamba pulogalamu yomwe wodwalayo ali ndi mtsogoleri wotsogolera omwe adzakonza zoti azitha kuyenda komanso malo ogona kwa wodwalayo komanso mnzakeyo. Woyang'anira mlandu akukonzekera chithandizo chamankhwala awo, ndipo amakonzekera kuti asamalire, ngati n'koyenera, kunyumba. Kusungidwa kwa inshuwalansi kumatanthauza kusungirako inshuwalansi.
Makampani ena a inshuwalansi amapereka ndalama zolimbikitsa opaleshoni kunja, kutaya kapena kuthetsa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe wodwalayo ayenera kulipira.
- Akuluakulu aumwini ndi aumwini okhaokha: Odwala ena amakopeka ndi malo osungirako zinthu monga chipatala china chimene amapereka kuchipatala, powona mwayi wopatsidwa mwayi wopeza opaleshoni yotsika mtengo. Zinyumba zina zimapereka chipinda chachipatala chomwe chiri ngati hotelo yowonjezera kuposa chipinda cha chipatala. Mzipatala zina zimapereka chithandizo chimodzi pa chisamaliro chapadera chaumwini, chomwe chili chochuluka kwambiri komanso chocheperapo kuposa momwe ntchito zambiri zachipatala zimathandizira.
- Ulendo ku Dziko Lachilendo: Zimamveka zodabwitsa, sichoncho? Kodi kampani yanu ya inshuwalansi ikukufulumizani ku malo osakanikirana kumayiko ena? Bwanji osapitako kudziko lachilendo komanso opaleshoni?
Nthaŵi zambiri maulendo amatchulidwira opaleshoni isanakwane kapena itatha, kupindula ndi kukhala kudziko lachilendo kuti azisangalala. Iyi ndi njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri yopita kudziko lachilendo ngati kampani ya inshuwalansi ikulipira kuthawa ndipo mtengo wokhala pansi ndi wotsika. Zikuwoneka kuti ndi bwino kubwezera pamphepete mwa nyanja kapena pamalo okongola, makamaka ngati mtengo wokhala ndi wotsika mtengo poyerekeza ndi kukhala kunyumba. Kumbukirani, kusambira sikungakonzedwe mpaka mutatsekeredwa, ndipo simungathe kuchita zambiri kuposa masiku omwe mukutsatira ndondomeko yanu.
- Malamulo Otsutsana ndi Malamulo: Otsatira ena amafufuza opaleshoni kunja kudutsa malamulo omwe ali ndi boma lawo, kampani ya inshuwaransi, kapena chipatala. Malamulowa ali pamalo otetezera wodwalayo kuti asawonongeke, kotero kuti kuwazungulira sikuti nthawi zonse ndiwopambana.
Mwachitsanzo, wodwala akhoza kuuzidwa kuti kulemera kwake ndi kochepa kwambiri (wathanzi) kuti athe kuchitidwa opaleshoni yolemetsa. Dokotala wa opaleshoni kudziko lachilendo akhoza kukhala ndi muyezo wosiyana kwa omwe akuyenerera kuchitidwa opaleshoni, kotero wodwala akhoza kukhala woyenera kutsidya lina kuntchito momwe akufunira. Izi ndizoona makamaka pakupititsa patsogolo zokopa alendo (zambiri pamapeto pake).
- Ochita Opaleshoni Opaleshoni: Ochita opaleshoni m'mayiko ena amadziwikiratu chifukwa cha luso lawo m'dera linalake la opaleshoni. Ochita opaleshoni a ku Brazil nthawi zambiri amawongolera luso lawo la opaleshoni ya pulasitiki, ndipo ali ndi chizoloŵezi chokwanira, monga a ku Brazil amamveka kuti akhoza kukhala opaleshoni yapulasitiki kusiyana ndi anthu ochokera kudziko lina lililonse. Thailand ikudziwika kuti ndiyo malo oyendetsa zokopa alendo kwa anthu omwe akufuna kupeza ndalama zowonongeka. Kawirikawiri zimakhala zosavuta kuti ayenerere opaleshoni ndipo ndalamazo zimachepetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo opaleshoni akuchita opaleshoni nthawi zambiri, zomwe zingapangitse luso lomanga bwino.
Nthawi zambiri alendo ambiri azachipatala amadabwa kuti dokotala wawo anaphunzitsidwa ku United States. Sikuti madokotala onse ndi odabwitsa kwambiri omwe akugwira ntchito opaleshoni kunja kwa dziko lapansi amaphunzitsidwa ku sukulu zachipatala ndi zochitika za pakhomo ndikubwerera kwawo. Madokotalawa nthawi zambiri amalankhula zinenero zosiyanasiyana ndipo akhoza kukhala ndi bungwe lovomerezeka kudziko lawo komanso dziko lachilendo, monga United States.
Kumbukirani, zokopa zachipatala sizingoperekedwa kwa mayiko kunja kwa United States. Anthu ambiri amafuna chisamaliro m'madera osiyanasiyana a United States chifukwa cha zipangizo zamakono zamakono zomwe zilipo, komanso chitetezo cha chithandizo chamankhwala ndi mankhwala a mankhwala.
Mauthenga Otsatsa Zamankhwala Amadabwitsa, Ndiye Chotani Chogwira?
Zokongola monga zokopa zamankhwala zimveka, palinso nkhani zomwe ziyenera kuganizidwa musanasayina kuti mukhale ndi chithandizo chamankhwala kuchilendo. Ndalama zachuma zimadziwika bwino, koma kukhumudwa kungakhale kofunika, ngakhale kupha nthawi zina.
- Opaleshoni Yovuta Kwambiri Ndizotheka: Monga momwe pali madokotala ochita opaleshoni kunja, pali madokotala ena opaleshoni omwe ali ochepa kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kupeza zambiri zokhudza madokotala komanso ntchito yawo kuchokera kutali. Ku United States, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosavuta kupeza zokhudzana ndi milandu, zoletsedwa ndi mabungwe azachipatala, ndi zochitika zina zothandizira dokotala. Kudziwa izi sikungakhale kosavuta ndi osowa kunja ndipo kungakhale kovuta kwambiri kusankha dokotala wamkulu wa opaleshoni .
Dokotala ayenera kuphunzitsidwa ku madera ena omwe ali oyenerera osowa mankhwala ndi opaleshoni. Musakhale ndi opaleshoni ya pulasitiki kuchokera kuchipatala amene adaphunzitsidwa kukhala dokotala wa mtima, komanso musayambe kuchita opaleshoni ndi munthu yemwe sanaphunzitsidwe ngati dokotala wa opaleshoni. Sizabwino kukhala dokotala, dokotala ayenera kuphunzitsidwa payekha.
Musanavomereze opaleshoni, muyenera kudziŵa zidziwitso za opaleshoni yanu: kumene amaphunzira, kumene amaphunzitsidwa, komanso kuti ndi apadera ati omwe ali ovomerezeka. Musadalire umboni wochokera kwa odwala akale, izi zimapangidwa mosavuta pa webusaitiyi ndipo ngakhale ziri zolondola, opaleshoni imodzi sikutanthauza kuti zonse zidzakhala zabwino.
Madokotala ambiri opaleshoni a pulasitiki a ku America akhala akugwira ntchito maola ambirimbiri kukonzanso zipserazo komanso kusokoneza opaleshoni yopanga opaleshoni imene inachitidwa ndi dokotala wina. Kufufuza msanga pa intaneti kudzapereka mwamsanga zithunzi ndi mbiri za anthu omwe anavulala ndi opaleshoni yachilendo. Ochita opaleshoni osachita bwino, kapena madokotala opaleshoni ophunzitsidwa bwino omwe akugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zabwino, angapangitse ku zotsatira zomvetsa chisoni. Ogwira Ntchito: Aamwino ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la chisamaliro chaumoyo, ndipo chisamaliro chomwe amapereka chikhoza kutanthawuza kusiyana pakati pa zotsatira zabwino ndi zoopsa. Namwino wophunzitsidwa bwino angadziwe vuto lomwe angakhale nalo ndikulikonza lisanakhale vuto. Namwino wosaphunzitsidwa bwino sangathe kuzindikira vuto mpaka kuchedwa. Ubwino wa anamwino udzakhudza kwambiri chisamaliro chanu.
Chikhalidwe Chachidwi: Kodi ndi malo omwe opaleshoni yanu idzachitidwa pazojambula, kapena ndi zonyansa, ndi zipangizo zakale, zamakono zamakono, ndi zoperewera? Kodi chipatalachi chikukonzekera kukuthandizani ngati mukudwala kwambiri mutatha opaleshoni kapena mukufuna kutumizidwa ku malo osiyana nawo? Kodi opaleshoniyo idzachitidwa kuchipatala kapena malo opaleshoni omwe ali kutali ndi kutali ndi chipatala chachikulu?
Mafunso awa ndi ofunikira ndipo ayenera kuyankhidwa asanasankhe malo opaleshoni. Malo omwe mumagwiritsira ntchito ayenera kukhala chipatala ndi chisamaliro cha ICU (ngati pali vuto pamene mukuchitidwa opaleshoni kapena kuchira) kapena muyenera kukhala pafupi ndi chipatala chachikulu chomwe chingathe kukufikitsani msanga.
Fufuzani malo omwe akuvomerezedwa padziko lonse, monga Joint Commission International. Komiti Yogwirizanitsa ndi bungwe lovomerezeka la zipatala ku United States, kutsimikiza ngati zipatala zikupereka chisamaliro chokwanira kapena ngati pali zofooka. Kugawidwa kwapadziko lonse kumafanana ndi zipatala kunja kwa United States, ndipo kutsimikiziridwa ndi chizindikiro cha khalidwe.Nyumba Yothamanga Pambuyo Opaleshoni: Pali ngozi yowopsa kwa magazi pambuyo pa opaleshoni , ndipo kuthawa kunyumba, makamaka paulendo wautali wothamanga, kumawonjezera chiopsezo chotsekemera. Ngati ndege yathawa yayitali, yongolerani ndikukwera ndi kumatsika maulendo nthawi iliyonse. Yesetsani kupewa kuthawa panyumba masiku omwe mutangotha opaleshoni; kuyembekezera sabata kudzachepetsa mwayi wokhala ndi magazi kapena vuto lina lalikulu paulendo.
Zakudya Zosiyana: Ngati muli ndi vuto la m'mimba, mungafune kuganiza mozama za opaleshoni kunja. Chakudya nthawi zambiri chimakhala chosiyana kwambiri ndi zipatala zakunja, ndipo m'madera ena, pali chiopsezo kuti ngakhale madzi adzakhumudwitsa thupi lanu. Kukhala ndi kutsekula m'mimba kapena kusungunuka kwapambuyo ndi kusanza kungakhale koopsa pambuyo pa opaleshoni, makamaka ngati chakudya chikudya kwambiri tsiku ndi tsiku.
Chichewa cha Chilankhulo: Ngati mukuchitidwa opaleshoni m'dziko limene Chingerezi si chinenero choyambirira, muyenera kukonzekera kuti muyankhule ndi antchito. Mwina mungadabwe kumva kuti antchito akulankhula chinenero chanu chabwino. Ngati sichoncho, ndiye kuti mufunika kulingalira momwe mungapangire zofuna zanu ndi zosowa zanu kuti mudziwe dokotala wa opaleshoni, antchito, ndi ena omwe mudzakumana nawo.
Chiyembekezo cha Zabwino, Konzani Zoipitsitsa
Tangoganizirani kuti mumapita kunja kukachita opaleshoni ndipo pa opaleshoni pali kulakwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, dokotala wa opaleshoni amavulaza malo ochepa m'thupi mwanu. Zingakhale zovuta kwambiri, koma patapita masiku awiri mukudwala kwambiri ndi matenda omwe sagonjetsedwa ndi ma antibiotics a IV. Muyenera kubwerera ku opaleshoni kuti mukonzekere kulakwitsa. Ngati simukupeza bwino, muyenera kusamukira ku ICU , ndipo mungafunikire kukhala pa mpweya wabwino kufikira mutakhala bwino.
Mu chipatala ku United States, msinkhu uwu wa chisamaliro umapezeka kwambiri. Zipatala zambiri zimakhala ndi chipatala chachikulu, ndipo odwala omwe amafunika kupita kuchipatala chachikulu akhoza kukhala. Tangoganizirani izi zikuchitika mukalandira mankhwala kunja kwa dziko. Kodi malo ali ndi ICU? Kodi malipiro omwe mukulipira amachitika zosayembekezereka monga izi kapena padzakhala mtengo wowonjezera? Kodi mungakwanitse kupita kunyumba ngati moyo wanu udalira? Kodi ulendo wanu umaphatikizapo inshuwalansi yaulendo wa zamankhwala, ndi mtundu wanji wa zolemba zolakwika zomwe zimathandiza ndi zomwe zimakhudza zolakwika zachipatala? Kodi ulendo wanu umaphatikizapo inshuwalansi yobwezeretsa, mtundu wa inshuwalansi yomwe imalipilira odwala kuti akunyamule kudziko lachilendo ndikubwezeretsani kudziko lakwanu ndichipatala mukathawa?
Kupeza mayankho a mafunso awa, ndikuonetsetsa kuti msinkhu wamasewerawa ukupezeka mosavuta, udzatsogolera ku malo otetezeka okopa alendo, podziwa kuti mudzasamalidwa ngati mukukumana ndidzidzidzi.
Kusamalira Kutsata
Ndikofunika kukonzekera chisamaliro chanu chotsatira musanachoke kwanu. Madokotala ambiri ndi madokotala opaleshoni amakayikira kusamalira wodwala yemwe amasamalidwa kunja kwa dziko, chifukwa nthawi zambiri samadziwa zokopa zachipatala ndipo amakhala ndi nkhaŵa za ubwino wa chisamaliro kunja kwa dziko. Kukonzekera chisamaliro chotsatira musanachokeko kumakhala kosavuta kusinthana kuti musamalire kunyumba ndi nkhawa yoyesera kupeza dokotala atatha opaleshoni .
Mawu Ochepa Ponena za Ulendo Wosakaniza Zamagulu
Kupititsa patsogolo zokopa alendo ndi gawo limodzi la zokopa zachipatala zomwe zimafooketsedwa kwambiri ndi akatswiri okumbidwa m'mayiko ambiri. Maiko ambiri padziko lonse amaonedwa ngati "msika wakuda" opaleshoni omwe sali osauka chabe, koma olakwika komanso amakhalidwe abwino. Pali nkhani zofunikira zokhudzana ndi thanzi limodzi ndi mafilosofi ambiri ndi maiko onse.
China, dziko limene amakhulupirira kuti limapanga maiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, amakhulupirira kuti amatenga ziwalo kuchokera kundende zandale ataphedwa. Ku India, opereka ndalama nthawi zambiri amalonjezedwa ndalama zambiri zaperekedwe kwa impso zawo, koma kuti adziwe kuti awonongeke ndipo sadzalandire malipiro. Kugulitsa chiwalo ku India ndiloletsedwa, monga kulili kumadera ambiri padziko lapansi, kotero kulibe kanthu kochepa kwa woperekayo.
Ndiye pali zotsatira zomaliza, momwe liwalo limagwirira ntchito pambuyo pa opaleshoniyo itatha. Pokhala ndi msika wakuda, kusamalidwa kochepa kumatengedwa nthawi zambiri pofananitsa wopereka ndi wolandira, zomwe zimabweretsa kumbuyo kwa kukanidwa. Ofufuza ku Canada adapeza kuti oyendetsa malowa anali oposa atatu kapena anayi kuti afe kapena kukana chiwalo chogwiritsidwa ntchito kuposa iwo omwe adalandira limba atakhala mndandanda wa kuyembekezera.
Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti akuchita chinthu chofunikira komanso kuti sadzapulumuka ngati amakakamizika kukhala pa mndandanda wa kuyembekezera. Zosiyana ndizoona, monga ena amalandira kunyumba ndi thupi latsopano ndi matenda atsopano. Cytomegalovirus, chifuwa chachikulu, chiwindi cha hepatitis B ndi hepatitis C ndizofala. Nthawi zambiri imakhala matenda atsopano omwe amawatsogolera ku imfa, osati kutaya chiwalo chotsutsidwa.
Ochita opaleshoni opaleshoni nthawi zambiri samayesetsa kusamalira wodwalayo atatha opaleshoni yokhala ndi dokotala wosadziwika, wodwala yemwe mwadala mwadala analetsa njira yopereka ndalama ku United States. Malangizo pambali, luso lapadera la opaleshoni lopezeka m'magetsi opanga opaleshoni yakuda, lowonjezeredwa ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chotenga kachilombo ka HIV, kupatsirana, ndi kukanidwa kumapangitsa ochiritsira odwala kukhala ovuta kuchiza. Kudziwa kuti munthu wina waphedwa kuti alandire liwalo ndizovuta kwambiri kuti madokotala ambiri opaleshoni amakana kuyang'ana kale.
Musanayambe kukwaniritsa chisankho chanu, onetsetsani kuti mukuganizira zonsezi ndikufunsa mafunso abwino kuti muthe kulandira chisamaliro chanu.
> Zotsatira:
> Ulendo wa Zamankhwala. Zomwe Zimayambitsa Matenda. http://www.cdc.gov/features/medicaltourism/
> Ulendo Wosakaniza: Ndi Woopsa Motani? Msonkhano Wachibadwidwe wa Odwala a Impso. Chiwongoladzanja
> Ulendo Wosuntha: Kuchiza Odwala Pamene Akubwerera ku US. AMA Journal of Ethics. http://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/2008/05/ccas2-0805.html