Pakati pa mitengo ya kanjedza, Bambi deer, mabombe a mchenga, ndi madzi otentha, Florida Keys kawirikawiri imamveka ngati malo amatsenga. Koma kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2016, mlendo wosafunidwa, screwworm, anayamba kupanga mavuto a zinyama, ziweto, ndi ranchers, makamaka chifukwa mbawala zomwe zimapezeka ku Florida Keys ziri pangozi. Komabe kuchokera ku gulu la 1000, kale pafupi ndi 10 peresenti yaikidwa pansi chifukwa cha matendawa opweteka.
Akatswiri akufufuza kwambiri kuti amvetsetse tizilombo toyambitsa matenda , zotsatira zake, komanso njira zofunika kwambiri kuti tisiye.
Zomangamanga za Screwworm
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timabwera ngati ntchentche. Ziri ngati kukula kwa ntchentche wakale koma zimawoneka mosiyana -zikhala ndi maso a lalanje ndi thupi loyang'ana zitsulo lomwe liri lobiriwira, lobiriwira, kapena imvi ndi mizere yakuda.
Ntchentche imayamba kuchititsa mavuto pamene imaika mazira. Ntchentche zaikazi zimayika mazira awo pamphepete mwa chilonda (kapena nthawi zina mazenera monga pakamwa kapena mphuno). Mazira amathyola mkati mwa tsiku lokhazikika. Mwana amawuluka-mphutsi-ndiye kukumba mu chilonda, kuchigwiritsa ntchito ngati chakudya. Izi zimatchedwa myiasis.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, izi ndi mphutsi yamagetsi, koma mosiyana ndi mphutsi zina zamtundu uwu zimakhala ndi zamoyo, osati minofu yakufa. Zimakhalanso zopweteka kwambiri kwa nyama ngati mphutsi zikukumba ndikudya mu minofu yolonda. Ikhoza kuyambitsa khungu kakang'ono ku chilonda chakuya, chopweteka, chogwedezeka.
Mphutsi imasiya chilonda muchepera sabata, pupate, ndipo imakhala ntchentche, kuyambanso ntchito yonse.
Chilonda chomwe chili ndi kachilomboka chimakhala chokongola kwambiri kwa ntchentche za amayi. Mazira ambiri adzaikidwa mu bala limodzi, kupanga nyama ngakhale yowola. Pamapeto pake, nyama zowonongeka zimatha kufa.
Pali Dziko Latsopano ndi Dziko Lakale la nyamakazi.
New World screwworm amatchedwa Cochliomyia hominivorax . The Old World screwworm imatchedwa Chrysomya bezziana ndipo imapezeka m'malo ena otentha, ku Asia (makamaka South Asia ndi Kummwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia), Africa, ndi Middle East.
Kodi Majeremusi Amapezeka Kuti?
Nyongolotsi zimapezekabe ku South America komanso m'madera ena a ku Caribbean. Maiko omwe boma la United States likuona kuti likukhudzidwa ndi monga Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Haiti, Jamaica, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay ndi Venezuela.
Ziwombankhanga zikhoza kutengedwa kuchokera kumayiko ena. Mungapeze kuti matumba anu adawopsya, koma ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe pali ntchito yambiri yopezera nyama ndi zinyama kuyendayenda osayendetsedwa ndi miyambo yapadziko lonse. Pali nthawi zonse mwayi wanyama kapena zinyama zinganyamule ntchentche kapena mphutsi yake kubwerera kudziko.
Iwo afika ku US Asanafike
Ziwombankhanga mwinamwake zinayamba kufika ku US kuchokera ku South America m'ma 1800. Mbozi yambiri inachotsedwa ku US mu 1966. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu ambiri omwe anali ndi ziphuphu anadziwonetsa ku United States mu 1966. Panalibe nyongolotsi zakugwa ku US mpaka 1982. Mbozi yambiri inachokera ku Mexico kupita ku Texas ndipo imafalitsa chaka chilichonse.
Palibe milandu yomwe inapezeka ku United States kunja kwa Texas kuyambira m'ma 1970 ndipo palibe zochitika zakutchire zomwe zinafotokozedwa ku US kuyambira 1982, pamene milandu isanu ndi umodzi yotsiriza inalembedwa ku Texas. Pali kuyesa kusunga kanema wa Panama ngati ntchentche zomwe ntchentche sizikhoza kufalikira ku South America kupita ku Central ndi North America.
Izi sizikutanthauza kuti palibe zochitika zomwe zimawonedwa ku US Nthawi zina munthu amabwera ndi chiweto kuchokera kudziko lina lomwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Mu May 2010, galu wonyamatayo anadziwika ndi odwala kuti adatenga infestation kuchokera ku Venezuela kupita ku Florida. Derali linachitidwa mosamala pambuyo pa chochitikacho.
Pambuyo pa 1966, tizirombo tomweyi anali vuto lalikulu kwa ovina ndi ena ndi ziweto. Ziwombankhangazi zimakhala m'madera otentha ku US Malingana ndi momwe kuzizira kunkadutsa m'nyengo yozizira, tizirombozi tikhoza kupulumuka mu madera otentha kwambiri chaka chonse-Florida, Texas, Arizona, ndi California. Zitatha nyengo yozizira, ntchentche zikhoza kufalikira pakatikatikati, masika, ndi kugwa. Mbalame iliyonse imatha kukula kwambiri kumpoto, pamene imafalitsa mpaka 80-160 km m'badwo uliwonse. Pofika nthawi yozizira kwambiri, nthawi zina amafika ku madera akuluakulu a US ndipo amalingaliridwa kuti afika pamalire ndi Canada.
Zotsatira za Screwworm pa Economy
Ziwombankhanga zimapangitsa kuti ziweto ndi ziweto zikhale zopindulitsa kwambiri. Ku Florida kokha, makampaniwa ndi ofunika kuposa madola 2.5 biliyoni a US. Ndi makampani omwe boma likufuna kuteteza. Malamulo ena amachitanso chimodzimodzi, ndithudi.
Matenda a screwworm angapangitse kutayika kwa ziweto, kuphatikizapo matendawa akhoza kutenga ndalama zambiri kudzera mwa mankhwala ndi njira zothandizira. Ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tinafalikira ndikuphera tizilombo ku US iwo akhoza kuwononga makampani mamiliyoni ambirimbiri.
Kuphulika kwakukulu komwe kunali ku Mexico mu 1992 ndi 1993 kunawononga mamilioni a madola. Ife sitikufuna kuti tiwone lalikulu.
Screwworm Control
Mbozizi zinachotsedwa poyamba ku United States mwa kumasula ntchentche zamphongo zozizira, kuyambira m'ma 1950. Florida ikubwereza zomwe zinagwira ntchito zaka zoposa 50 zapitazo. Boma linayamba mu October 2016 kuti limasule ntchentche zowonongeka. Chiyembekezo ndi chakuti ntchentche zosabala zidzakwatirana ndi akazi, zomwe zimachititsa kuti mazira apangidwe apangidwe, monga momwe akazi ambiri sagwiritsire ntchito bwino.
Zimatengera ntchentche zambiri. Akatswiri ankayenera kupanga mamiliyoni a ntchentche mlungu uliwonse kuti azikhala ndi zosowa kapena kuti 'asamadziwe' ntchentche zamtundu wamba. Kunali nyengo yozizira mu 1957-8. Ku Florida, ochita kafukufuku ndi boma anatulutsa amuna awiri kapena awiri osabereka mlungu umodzi ndikuwona kuti ziwombankhanga zikugwa. Kenako amawombera mabala omwe amatha kupanga mapiritsi 50-75 miliyoni sabata iliyonse.
Izi ndizing'ono monga udzudzu komanso ndondomeko zowonjezera matenda opatsirana ndi udzudzu monga Zika , Dengue , ndi Chikungunya . Maboma ndi ofufuza akhala akuyang'ana kupeza njira zothetsera matenda opatsirana ndi udzudzu kuti asafalitsidwe ndipo ayang'ana kulumikiza lingaliro ili. Pakhala pali anthu ambiri omwe adathandizira kugwiritsa ntchito udzudzu wamtundu wosasinthika wamtunduwu kapena kugwiritsa ntchito Wolbachia kuti iwononge ming'oma.
Kuwonjezera pa kuthetsa ntchentche ndi kugwiritsa ntchito tizilombo, zingakhalenso zofunikira kuti tipewe kulola kuti nyama zikhale ndi zilonda zilizonse zomwe zingapange chisa cha mazira awa. Pali ziweto zambiri zomwe zingayambitse mabala omwe ntchentche zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa dzira. Izi zimaphatikizapo kujambula, kuveketsa ubweya, kutulutsa, ndi kutulutsa nyama.
Ndibwino kuti nyama izipewa nkhupakupa. Kukwapula kungakhale malo oyambirira omwe mazira amaikidwa. Kufalikira kwa nkhupakupa ku Texas kwenikweni kunatanthawuza kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tinapitilizabe m'zaka za 1970s kuposa momwe angakhalire.
Potsiriza, palinso kuika kwaokha kwa Key West, yomwe idaperekedwa ndi Florida (ndi Georgia). Izi ndiziteteza kuti nyama zomwe zili ndi kachilombo zilolere kufalikira kwa tizirombozi. Pali zizindikiro zowonetsetsa kuti nyama zomwe zitha kutenga matendawa zisatulukemo.
Kuchiza kwa Matenda
Zikakhala kuti matenda amapezeka, mankhwala ena akamagwiritsidwa ntchito pa balala akhoza kupha mphutsi. Kawirikawiri amafunika kuchiza chilonda kwa masiku awiri kapena atatu mzere ndikuchotsa mphutsi pambuyo pake (nenani ndi chifuwa).
Ena amagwiritsa ntchito kudula kapena kupopera mbewu za nyama ndi tizilombo kuti ateteze ntchentche kwa masiku asanu ndi awiri kapena khumi.
Kodi Screwworm Imakhudza Zinyama?
Ziwombankhanga zitha kukhudza mabala a ziweto ndi zinyama, monga momwe zimakhudzira zinyama. Matenda a screwworm amapezeka m'matenda, agalu, ngakhalenso nkhumba ku Florida mu chiyambi cha 2016. Mavo oyambirira amapezeka kawirikawiri.
Mabalawo amatha kuchiritsidwa ndipo mphutsi zikhoza kuchotsedwa, koma ndi bwino kupeĊµa izi. Zimapweteka nyama ndipo imatha kukhala matenda oopsa.
Ngati muli ndi chiweto, sungani zilonda za pet aphimba ndipo musabweretse kumadera kumene kuli tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ngati mungapewe. Ngati mutenga nyama yamphongo kuchokera kunja kwa US kapena kubweretsa chiweto chanu kuti muyende nanu kunja kwa US ndikofunika kuti vetche ayang'ane chiweto chanu, makamaka ngati pali zilonda zowawa.
Kodi Nyongolotsi Zimakhudza Anthu?
Izi zimachitika nthawi zina, koma zonsezi siziyenera kudandaula. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, kusunga zilonda nthawi zonse ndizobwino, komanso lingaliro lopambana ngati muli m'deralo lomwe limakhudzidwa ndi matendawa. Muzirombo zosavuta, matendawa amatha kuchiritsidwa ndipo mphutsi zimachotsedwa.
> Zotsatira:
> North Carolina Dept ya ulimi. Screwworm.
> FAO. Kulamulira ndi kuwonongeka kwa screwworm kum'mwera kwa United States of America.
> USDA. Dziko Latsopano la Mphungu .
> California Department of Agriculture. Screwworm .