Cephalosporins ndi imodzi mwa magulu ambiri operekedwa ndi mankhwala padziko lonse lapansi. Mwayi ndikuti mwakumana ndi maantibayotiki awa ngakhale simudziwa dzina. Mwachitsanzo, pakati pazinthu zina, Keflex (cefalexin) amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochizira matenda a khungu. Komanso, Rocephin (ceftriaxone) amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza chibayo .
Pali mibadwo isanu ya cephalosporins.
Kodi Cephalosporin N'chiyani?
Cephalosporins anapezeka koyamba m'madzi osefukira m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Sardinia mu 1945. Pofika mu 1964, cephalosporin yoyamba inalembedwa.
Cephalosporins ndi ofanana ndi mankhwala ena opha tizilombo. Monga penicillin, cephalosporins ali ndi beta-lactam ring yokhala mphete ya dihyrdothiazole. Kuyikira mphete iyi ya dihyrdothiazole ndi maunyolo osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana, omwe amapangira cephalosporins osiyana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Cephalosporins ali ndi njira zitatu zochitira:
- Kusungira kwa mapuloteni enieni a penicillin.
- Kuletsa kwa selo khoma kaphatikizidwe.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito mavitamini omwe amadzipangira okha (autopytic) m'makina a bakiteriya
Cephalosporins imagawidwa mu mibadwo isanu. Komabe, cephalosporin zosiyana m'badwo womwewo nthawi zina zimakhala zosagwirizana ndi mankhwala ndipo zimakhala zosiyana siyana (kuganiza za cephamycins).
Ophunzira a zaumoyo ambiri amaphunzitsa kuti ndi mibadwo yambiri ya cephalosporins, kufotokozera galamukani kumachepa pamene kuwonjezeka kwa gram-negative kukuwonjezeka.
Amodzi mwa atatu peresenti ya anthu onse amatsutsana ndi cephalosporins. Zoona, komabe nambalayi ndi yopambana chifukwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la penicillin nthawi zambiri samatchula cephalosporins.
Cephalosporins Oyamba
Cephalosporin ya m'badwo woyamba imagwera m'mawu amodzi ndi amkati. Amagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi Viridans streptococci, gulu A hemolytic streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli , Klebsiella ndi mabakiteriya a Proteus. Mofanana ndi cephalosporins ena onse, cephalosporins yoyamba sagwira ntchito pa enterococci.
Zitsanzo za cephalosporins yoyamba ndizo zotsatirazi:
- Cephalexin (Keflex)
- Cephradine
- Cefadroxil
- Cefazolin (mwachangu ndi m'maganizo)
Kawirikawiri, cephalosporins m'badwo woyamba akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi khungu ndi matenda ena ofewa, matenda opatsirana, komanso matenda a mkodzo. Cephalosporins yoyamba yosagwiritsidwa ntchito yosabadwa ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati prophylaxis pambuyo pochita opaleshoni yoyera. Mwachindunji, kufalikira kwa MRSA kwachepetsa mphamvu ya cephalosporins yoyamba monga njira za prophylaxis ndi chithandizo.
Cec-Generation Cephalosporins
Kawirikawiri, cephalosporins yachiwiri imakhala yogwira ntchito kwambiri motsutsana ndi zamoyo zopanga magalamu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zothandiza kwambiri m'maganizo ambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, cephalosporins yachiwiri yotsutsana ndi Proteus ndi Klebsiella. Kachiwiri-cephalosporins kachiwiri amamenyana H.
Gwero-chifukwa cha chibayo, sepsis, ndi meningitis. Komabe, cephalosporins woyamba kubadwa ndibwino kwambiri pakuchulukitsa matenda a gram-positive.
Zitsanzo za cephalosporins yachiwiri ndizo zotsatirazi:
- Cefoxitin (cephamycin)
- Cefotetan (cephamycin)
- Cefuroxime (m'kamwa ndi m'mimba)
- Cefprozil
Cephalosporin yachiwiri ikhale ndi zotsatirazi:
- Sinusitis
- Otitis media (kumva khutu)
- Matenda osokoneza anaerobic kuphatikizapo peritonitis ndi diverticulitis
- Prophylaxis pambuyo pochita opaleshoni yolakwika
Cephalosporins yachiwiri yotsutsana ndi Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Citatu Generation Cephalosporins
Chofunika chachikulu cha mankhwala a antibiotic chachitatu ndi chachinayi chikuwonjezeka kwambiri pa ma antibiotic a gram-negative.
Kuwonjezera pamenepo, m'badwo wachitatu cephalosporin ceftazidime umagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi Pseudomonas aeruginosa, mabakiteriya omwe angayambitse matenda a khungu mwa anthu omwe ali ndi ma chitetezo oteteza thupi kuthupi (kuganiza pambuyo poyang'ana kuchipatala chotentha kapena chitsime chotentha) komanso chibayo, matenda a magazi ndipo kotero Awonetsetsedwe mwa omwe ali ndi mphamvu zoziteteza kuthupi (kuganiza za odwala pambuyo pa opaleshoni ndi opaleshoni).
Pali mitundu yambiri ya cephalosporins. Kukambirana nawo zonsezi sikukhala kunja kwa nkhaniyi. Tiyeni m'malo mwake tiganizire za ceftriaxone (Rocephin) yomwe ili ndi ntchito zambiri kuphatikizapo:
- Matenda opatsirana oteteza kupuma
- Matenda a khungu ndi ofewa
- Gonorrhea osavuta
- Matenda a m'magulu a urinary
- Otitis media
- Matenda achifuwa otupa
- Surgical prophylaxis
- Bacteria septicemia (magazi)
- Maningitis
- Matenda a mafupa
- Matenda ogwirizana
- Matenda a m'mimba
Zina lachinayi cephalosporin
Nkhawa ndiyo yokhayo (FDA -vomerezeka) yachinayi cephalosporin. Mofanana ndi cephalosporin ceftazidime, mtunduwu umagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Kuwonjezera apo, chiwindi chimagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi mabakiteriya a enterobacter ndi citrobacter. Pomalizira pake, chilema chimakhala ndi chithunzithunzi chofanana ndi ceftriaxone.
Nazi zina zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuchipatala:
- Kuchuluka kwa chibayo chachikulu
- Matenda oopsa a mitsempha
- Matenda a khungu ndi ofewa
- Matenda opatsirana m'mimba
Fifth-Generation Cephalosporin
Mu 2010, FDA inavomereza Ceftaroline (Teflaro), cephalosporin yokha yachisanu kapena isanu ndi iwiri yokha. Monga chiwopsezo, keftaroline ndi mankhwala amphamvu omwe ayenera kusungidwa ndi matenda aakulu. Mwachindunji, zimagwira ntchito zolimbana ndi matenda opatsirana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo monga MRSA (methicillin resistant S. aureus ) ndi VRSA (vancomycin resistant S. aureus) . Mankhwalawa amachitiranso jekeseni ndipo amauzidwa kuti amenyane ndi chibayo chopezeka m'midzi komanso matenda akuluakulu a khungu ndi ofepa. Mwamwayi, keftaroline ndi yotetezeka ndipo sangakwanitse kutsutsa.
Monga momwe mungathere tsopano, cephalosporins ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a antibiotic omwe ali ndi mauthenga ambiri. Komabe, mofanana ndi mankhwala ambiri opha tizilombo, ma antibayotiki akutsutsana ndi madokotala ambiri, odwala matenda opatsirana pogonana, ogwira ntchito zachipatala, odwala ndi zina zotero.
Kusakanizidwa kwa mabakiteriya kumakhala kochepa chifukwa cha madokotala opitirira malire; Komabe, ife monga odwala, tikhoza kuthandiza kuthana ndi chitukuko cha kukana. Mwachitsanzo, simuyenera nthawi zonse kuyembekezera kapena kufuna kuti mankhwala anu apatseni mankhwala opha tizilombo kuti athe kuchiza matenda omwe angakhale ochiza. (Mankhwala oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sagwirizana ndi mavairasi.) Komanso, ngati mankhwalawa atchulidwa, ndi koyenera kuti mutsirize maphunziro onse ngakhale mutakhala bwino.
Zotsatira:
Guglielmo B. Anti-Infective Chemotherapeutic & Antibiotic Agents. Mu: Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW. eds. Kufufuza kwa Zamankhwala Zamakono ndi Chithandizo 2015 . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
Nkhaniyi imatchedwa "Kuzindikira ndi Kulamulira kwa Zomwe Zachitika Pomwe Zimadziwika ndi Cephalosporins" ndi MH Kim ndi JM Lee kuchokera ku Asthma, Allergy & Immunology Research published mu 2014.
Ndondomeko yotchedwa "Kugwiritsa Ntchito ndi Kufunika kwa Cephalosporins mu Mankhwala" kudzera mwa JH Powers ku FDA.